Osteoporosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Osteoporosis - Essay Example Such procedure proceeds until one arrives at the age of 30 when the bone mass or thickness tops. (Anderson) Nonetheless, when osteoporosis sets in, the ordinary recharging of old bone tissue is considerably disturbed (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). Given this issue, the calcium and protein from the bone are exhausted. This outcomes in irregular bone quality or decreased bone thickness. All things considered, bones caused with osteoporosis can be seriously broken through splitting or crumbling with just a minor fall or injury that would not ordinarily lead to a genuine bone harm. (MedicineNet) One of the essential drivers of osteoporosis is identified with age. After age 30, the typical procedure of development of new bone and ingestion of existing bone by the body begins to invert. Esteemed as a component of the maturing procedure, bone breaks up and is consumed at a quicker rate that new bone is made, in this way, bone gets more slender. This condition is additionally exasperated by inadequate utilization of calcium, nutrient D and phosphorus. (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) Another reason for osteoporosis explicitly in ladies is the diminishing in the creation of estrogen, a hormone considered to give assurance against bone misfortune. The expansion in bone misfortune is said to happen around menopause (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists). Similarly, men become increasingly inclined to experience the ill effects of osteoporosis when creation of testosterone decreases. With this, men matured over 65 commonly experience osteoporosis. Hazard Factors As referenced, the likelihood of creating osteoporosis is increased as one ages because of the diminishing of the bones. Note that the two people lose around 0.4% of bone every year on the normal in the wake of arriving at age 30 (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists). Notwithstanding, osteoporosis doesn't typically affect distressed patients until they arrive at 60 years of age (WebMD). As far as sex, ladies for the most part have moderately littler casings and lighter bones when contrasted with men. All things considered, ladies are supposed to be right around multiple times bound to contract osteoporosis that men (Anderson). The decrease in estrogen and testosterone likewise expands the danger of osteoporosis in the two ladies and men, individually. The diminishing in the creation of these hormones that help keep up typical degrees of calcium and different minerals required for ordinary bone recovery, for the most part happens between the ages of 45 and 55. (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) Other hazard factors recognized incorporate smoking and liquor use. In view of studies, smokers are seen to lose bone thickness quicker than non-smokers. Then, exorbitant utilization of liquor is said to cause bone development decrease and expanded danger of falling. It ought to be featured however that reviews likewise show a relationship between's moderate liquor use and higher bone thickness. With this, most specialists endorse restricting yet not totally dispensing with liquor utilization. (WebMD) Additionally, inactive way of life or need weight-bearing activities, for example, strolling, running, step climbing and moving among others increment the danger of bone-mass misfortune (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). In accordance with this, an eating routine comprising of protein and

Lost Boys Essay Research Paper Lost BoysPart free essay sample

Lost Boys Essay, Research Paper Lost Male childs Section 1 The book Lost Boys was composed by James Garbarino to demo individuals why there is such a great amount of power with our male childs and how a portion of this can and ought to be maintained a strategic distance from with a little love. This book explains to all the grounds why kid twist out the way they do and how it very well may be halted. In the past decennary it is realize that power has been incredibly expansion in the enormous metropoliss and in littler towns as great truth be told? the period from the 1980? s to the 1990? s when the youngster murder rate expansion by 168 % ? ( p.7 ) individuals inevitably began to identify something was mistaken. This high expansion of power with in male youngster is because of the reality the male childs everyplace are irate doing them to be more vicious than ever previously. In the greater part of these offenses the facts confirm that African Americans and Hispanic male childs are destined to be included, yet a greater amount of this power is get bringing down to appropriate to the littler towns and influencing white children. Despite the fact that a group of guardians wear? t imagine that any kind of shot could take topographic point where their children are, the open doors are truly elevated that there is a male youngster at any school that is fit for a shot. ? For all intents and purposes all guardians send their childs to class with kids who are abused abandoned overlooked or surrender. ? ( p.ix ) Numerous individuals accept that the ground that one male kid will go out and execute another male youngster is only in light of the fact that? they were on medications or they were mishandled or even that they were simply raised in a family unit of criminals? ( p.10 ) so they will be one each piece great. Every one of these things do hold an extraordinary centrality and do the chances of a male youngster to go to offense, however the ground is actually a group further so that. There is a kind of link of levels that are delineated in the book taking up to a male youngster rough passing or in any event, going a sociopath. The beginning to this vicious passing and power Begins when the male youngster just a little darling first conceived. On the off chance that an angel is non indicated the best possible love or neer feels adored so there is a bond that the darling will lose while turning up. For situation when an angel is left unattended and yelling for quite a long time the child will obtain increasingly irate and that will secure hid away inside, which in twist can close of a darling? s sole. As the child gets more seasoned and very similar things keep on going on the male childs will turn angrier and severe. Which so they need a way to coop with this choler and? power is a way for male childs to cover with those issues. ? ( p.46 ) They will other than make things, for example, ? ingest medications, deal, gorge themselves on sex, fall in packs or cliques, and when no 1 is watching they will disguise in a corner and such there thumbs. ? ( p.158 ) The book other than goes on about things like child abuse and about a child? s virtues and how when a child is misuse or brought us up in family units like previously portrayed so they genuinely wear? Ts have any virtues to populate at that place life on. The last segment of the book clarifies why with this material can be halted. Religion was probably the greatest thing. ? Otherworldliness and love can make full in the gaps left in the story of a male youngster? s life. ? ( p.155 ) The other thing was that childs only require an association with do and fell cherished and that will help them be more end arranged. ? We can rescue our boies? by connecting them to positive qualities and connections. ? ( P.149 ) Section 2 Well since this book was completely composed by the Authors considerations, everything that has just been composed was what he thought and were his contemplations that he had gotten from heading out going to various male youngster? s in jail and occurring out the stories of there lives. One of the huge things that the author intensified was the point at which a male kid needed to turn up with out a male parent it drives the? male youngster to be the grown-up male of the house. ? ( p.50 ) This idea of being a grown-up male leads the male kid to hold to be defensive and vicious. Other than with out a male parent? for what reason should a male kid tune in to there mother, there non scared of her, ? ( p.57 ) so a male youngster? s female parent couldn? t end the male kid? s from making anything. Something else that the Author needed to stress upon was the way that regardless of whether a male youngster is raised terrible? so at any rate an educator in school could demo them some affection and empathy? ( p.74 ) thus in any event the male youngster will hold been given some adoration. In any event, being demo this little spot of affection can change a person. The last be thing the author thought was that by? cherishing punishment? ( p.87 ) a male kid would larn better what was directly from mistaken and help them to be increasingly good in there life picks. Section 3 As I read this book I began encountering like these childs are just grimy criminals and should all be killed, however as I read I change my estimation. I took in a group concerning why a significant number of these children wherever from 8 mature ages old to turn work powers at 35 mature ages old will slaughter individual or execute a brutal demonstration. The ditty out of this book genuinely helped me hang on the various contemplations and connection of occasions that take topographic point in a kid life to take them to this life of offense. Subsequent to perusing this book I really wear? t perceive how any one can pass judgment on a male youngster for making the things he does when they have been raised with no adoration or with no male parent and a female parent who is neer about. There was an expressing in the book? who the snake pit would they say they are to take a human life? ? ( p.121 ) however when they have been raised that way so they genuinely wear? T recognize what is correct or off base. ? Societies and social orders set various standers for the ethical quality of slaughtering. ? ( p.123 ) Other than I like the way that the author finished the book with the approaches to prevent this more remote power with in male childs, however there was something miserable that I understood: As all these male childs grow up they will simply keep up holding childs and do something very similar to there childs that was done to them, etc. So incense this pestilence will neer end or travel off.

End of term

End of term While the period known as End of term certainly brings finals anxiety, it also brings many events and traditions celebrating the conclusion of a great semester. Youve probably already heard about many of these, including the last 3.091 lecture (described here by Kevin), all of the festivities that Mitra did, and the MIT celebrity-served midnight breakfast, starring President Susan Hockfield and Dean of Admissions Marilee Jones. For me, I was happy to partake in the Lab for Chocolate Sciences finals hot cocoa (very yummy) and our annual Admissions holiday luncheon. At the Admissions holiday luncheon, we had a traditional New England Yankee swap, a funky gift swap (described here) that sounds more like a 6.001 recursion problem (maybe Scheme is why my entries always have so many parentheses). I brought a nice mug I bought at the cool Korean market just north of campus, and ended up with some great wine glasses at the end. Nice! Another office at MIT morally opposed having a Yankee swap, so they had a Red Sox Swap instead, swapping socks (of all colors) you cant make this stuff up. Now, just as many of you are getting to take a vacation, so will I. My wonderful parents are coming up to visit this weekend, and well get to do a whole bunch of fun Boston things. Then, Ill head home for holidays with the family, and New Years Eve with old MIT friends in DC. Should be quite nice. Ill be blogging a bit less during this period, but hope to check in periodically since there are some questions Id like to address and of course theres lots to say leading up to the regular action deadline on January 1 (hello, regular action and international applicants! Well be talking more soon!). Ill be back in the office for the first week of MITs famed Independent Activities Period (IAP). Happy holidays, everyone! =)

Financial Crisis After The Great Depression - 1229 Words

2008 Financial Crisis Not since the great depression was there such a devastating economic crisis as the 2008 financial crisis. A crisis rooted from the burst of the housing bubble in the U.S. thus leading to the government being brought down, ruined economies, crumbled financial corporations and impoverish lives of numerous individuals. As reported in McClean and Nocera’s All the Devils Are Here: The Hidden History of the Financial Crisis, â€Å"the seeds of [the] financial disaster were sown more than thirty years ago when three smart, ambitious men, working sometimes in concert—allies in a cause they all believed in—and sometimes in opposition—competition trying to gain advantage over each other—created a shiny new financial vehicle called the mortgage-backed security† (McClean and Nocera). Therefore, the mortgage-backed security (MBS) is essentially the sole reason or seed that lead to the financial crisis. However, the mortgage backed security is not totally to blame on Wall Street as it’s not something that Wall Street did entirely on its own. As the United States government aided and abetted them in certain circumstances in which they changed laws to allow the fraudulent ways of the people on Wall Street to continue on (â€Å"The Fall of the Market†). Ultimately, when Wall Street took part in the financial sector its focus was to broaden the appeal of securities to wider range of investors to create more capital for itself. The development of mortgage backed securitiesShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression and Unemployment: Discussion Questions1271 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Principles of Macroeconomics 1 ________________________________________________________________________ Q. 2: The Great Depression The Great Depression started in 1930 and lasted until 1939. It can be regarded as the worst depression the world has ever seen in the history. 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With the crash of the United States Wall Street, the realm drove into what is now known as the â€Å"Great Recession†. Its neighbour to the north, Canada also felt these affects as unemployment and poverty grew. After a decade of despair, the massive rise in government spending for the Second World War and the reductions in taxes, the economies returned to prosper. With decades of industrialization, populationRead MoreThe Great Depression Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The world had faced two main economic problems. The first one was the Great Depression in the early of 20th Century. The second was the recent international financial crisis in 2008. The United States and Europe suffered severely for a long time from the great depression. The great depression was a great step and changed completely the economic policy making and the economic thoughts. 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In 1791, First Bank of the United States became the first commercial bank of the United States in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. By the 1900’s, there were almost 170 banks per every million people in the United States, but because of this, there was a lot of debate about banking and the regulations needed and the fears that people h ad about the amount of controlRead MoreEssay on The Great Depression, Annotated Bibliography879 Words   |  4 PagesCecchetti, Stephen G. Understanding the Great Depression: Lessons for Current Policy . Monetary Economics (1997): 1-26. This article is about the circumstances that led to the collapse of the economy in 1929. It relates to my research proposal because I am evaluating historic events that led to the financial crisis of 1929. The article discusses how deflation played an important role in expanding the depression, and how the Gold Standard, a monetary system in which a country’s government allowsRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930 S1476 Words   |  6 Pagesthe great depression of the 1930’s and the great recession in the United State of America. First, I’ll make a general overview of each of these two different periods and then focus on certain specific aspects during these different times. This will include the causes to the economic recessions witnessed, impacts of the economic recessions and the solutions that were introduced. When talking about any topic regarding American history, it would be hard not to mention the 1930’s great depression. AuthorsRead MoreKeynesian Theory During The Great Depression949 Words   |  4 PagesSince the establishment of the Keynesian theory during the Great Depression, there was a continuous rivalry between Keynesians and monetarists. The ongoing debate was about which model can most accurately and correctly explain economic instability and which theory provides the best suggestions on how to achieve constant and steady economic growth. There are fundamental differences in these two approaches, for example over the usefulness of government intervention through fiscal policies, monetaryRead MoreThe Great Depression1083 Words   |  5 PagesGreat Depression is one of the most important periods in modern US history. It began with the global economic crisis in 1929, which affected most of all the United States. The acute phase of the crisis dragged on for three years f rom 1929 till the beginning of 1933. From 1930 until 1939 the economy of the country could not overcome the crisis and recover. Therefore, this period was called the Great Depression, because of its duration and serious consequences for society. The war gave rise to prosperity

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Jawaharlal Nehru Free Essays

Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi/Kashmiri: , pronounced [d a r? la? l ? ne ru? ]; 14 November 1889–27 May 1964[4]) was an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. One of the leading figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the Congress Party to assume office as independent India’s first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won India’s first general election in 1952.As one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the international politics of the post-war era. We will write a custom essay sample on Jawaharlal Nehru or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru (â€Å"pandit† being a Sanskrit and Hindi honorific meaning â€Å"scholar† or â€Å"teacher†) and, specifically in India, as Panditji (with â€Å"-ji† being a honorific suffix). The son of a wealthy Indian barrister and politician, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Congress Party when still fairly young. Rising to become Congress President, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic and radical leader, advocating complete independence from the British Empire. In the long struggle for Indian independence, in which he was a key player, Nehru was eventually recognized as Gandhi’s political heir. Throughout his life, Nehru was also an advocate for Fabian socialism and the public sector as the means by which long-standing challenges of economic development could be addressed by poorer nations. Jawaharlal Nehru was born to Motilal Nehru (1861–1931) and Swaroop Rani (1863–1954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family.The Nehru family – Motilal Nehru is seated in the center, and standing (L to R) are Jawaharlal Nehru, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Krishna Hutheesing, Indira Gandhi, and Ranjit Pandit; Seated: Swaroop Rani, Motilal Nehru and Kamala Nehru (circa 1927). Nehru was educated in India and Britain. In England, he attended the independent boy’s scho ol, Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. Jawaharlal Nehru at Harrow, where he was also known as Joe Nehru. During his time in Britain, Nehru was also known as Joe Nehru. [5][6][7][8][9][10] On 8 February, 1916, Nehru married seventeen year old Kamala Kaul. In the irst year of the marriage, Kamala gave birth to their only child, Indira Priyadarshini. [edit] Life and career Nehru raised the flag of independent India in New Delhi on 15 August 1947, the day India gained Independence.Nehru’s appreciation of the virtues of parliamentary democracy, secularism and liberalism, coupled with his concerns for the poor and underprivileged, are recognised to have guided him in formulating socialist policies that influence India to this day. They also reflect the socialist origins of his worldview. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, also served as Prime Ministers of India. edit] Successor to Gandhi On 15 January 1941 Gandhi said, â€Å"Some say Pandit Nehru and I were estranged. It will require much more than difference of opinion to estrange us. We had differences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor. â€Å"[11] [edit] India’s first Prime Minister Teen Murti Bhavan, Nehru’s residence as Prime Minister, now a museum in his memory. Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British Cabinet Mission arrived to propose plans for transfer of power.Once elected, Nehru headed an interim government, which was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. After failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India, according to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947. He took office as the Prime Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his inaugural address titled â€Å"A Tryst With Destiny† â€Å"Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes hen we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity. â€Å"[12] However, this period was marked with intense communal violence.This violence swept across the Punjab regio n, Delhi, Bengal and other parts of India. Nehru conducted joint tours[citation needed] with Pakistani leaders to encourage peace and calm angry and disillusioned refugees. Nehru would work with Maulana Azad and other Muslim leaders to safeguard and encourage Muslims to remain in India. The violence of the time deeply affected Nehru, who called for a ceasefire[citation needed] and UN intervention to stop the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru also hesitated in supporting the annexation of Hyderabad State.In the years following independence, Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira to look after him and manage his personal affairs. Under his leadership, the Congress won an overwhelming majority in the elections of 1952. Indira moved into Nehru’s official residence to attend to him and became his constant companion in his travels across India and the world. Indira would virtually become Nehru’s chief of staff. Nehru’s study in Teen Murti Bhavan. [edit] Economic policies Nehru presided over the introduction of a modified, Indian version of state planning and control over the economy.Creating the Planning commission of India, Nehru drew up the first Five-Year Plan in 1951, which charted the government’s investments in industries and agriculture. Increasing business and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a mixed economy in which the government would manage strategic industries such as mining, electricity and heavy industries, serving public interest and a check to private enterprise. Nehru pursued land redistribution and launched programmes to build irrigation canals, dams and spread the use of fertilizers to increase agricultural roduction. He also pioneered a series of community development programs aimed at spreading diverse cottage industries and increasing efficiency into rural India. While encouraging the construction of large dams (which Nehru called the â€Å"new temples of India†), irrigation works and the generation of hydroelectricity, Nehru also launched India’s programme to harness nuclear energy. For most of Nehru’s term as prime minister, India would continue to face serious food shortages despite progress and increases in agricultural production.Nehru’s industrial policies, summarised in the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, encouraged the growth of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries,[13] yet state planning, controls and regulations began to impair productivity, quality and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a steady rate of growth, called Hindu rate of growth at 2. 5% per annum, chronic unemployment amidst widespread poverty continued to plague the population. [edit] Education and social reform Jawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for India’s children and youth, believin g it essential for India’s future progress.His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru also outlined a commitment in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of India’s children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrollment programmes and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children in order to fight malnutrition.Adult education centres, vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas. Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize caste discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women[14][15][16] [17] A system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created to eradicate the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minoriti es in government. edit] National security and foreign policy See also: Role of India in Non-Aligned Movement Nehru led newly independent India from 1947 to 1964, during its first years of freedom from British rule. Both the United States and the Soviet Union competed to make India an ally throughout the Cold War. On the international scene, Nehru was a champion of pacifism and a strong supporter of the United Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led by the U. S. and the U. S.S. R. Recognising the People’s Republic of China soon after its founding (while most of the Western bloc continued relations with the Republic of China), Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their conflict with Korea. [18] He sought to establish warm and friendly relations with China in 1950, and hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western bloc. Meanwhile, Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the U.N. but, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN resolution and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the U. N. , he declined to hold a plebiscite in 1953. He ordered the arrest of the Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah, whom he had previously supported but now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions; Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. His policy of pacifism and appeasement with respect to China also came unraveled when border disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962.Jawaharlal Nehru (right) talks to Pakistan prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra (left) during his 1953 visit to Karachi. Nehru was hailed by many for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of nuclear weapons. [19] He commissioned the first study of the human effects of nuclear explosions, and campaigned ceaselessly for the abolition of what he called â€Å"these frightful engines of destruction. † He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countries such as his own. 20] In 1956 he had criticised the joint invasion of the Suez Canal by the British, French and Israelis. Suspicion and distrust cooled relations between India and the U. S. , which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. Accepting the arbitration of the UK and World Bank, Nehru signed the Indus Water Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler Ayub Khan to resolve long-standing disputes about sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region. [edit] Final years Nehru with Ashoke Kumar Sen, S.Radhakrishnan and Bidhan Chandra RoyNehru had led the Congress to a major victory in the 1957 elections, but his government was facing rising problems and criticism. Disillusioned by intra-party corruption and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning but continued to serve. The election of his daughter Indira as Congress President in 1959 aroused criticism for alleged nepotism[citation needed], although actually Nehru had disapproved of her election, partly because he considered it smacked of â€Å"dynastism†; he said, indeed it was â€Å"wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing†, and refused her a position in his cabinet. 21] Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy; most notably, she used his oft-stated personal deference to the Congress Working Committee to push through the dismissal of the Communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections. [21] Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary tradition, and was â€Å"hurt† by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father. [4]Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehru’s foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and Nehru’s decision to grant political asylum to the 14th Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to invade Goa in 1961, and then he annexed it to India. It increased his popularity, but he was criticized the use of military force. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority.Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well. Public viewing of Nehru’s body, which lies in state, in 1964; the gun carriage used for his state funeral was later used for the state funeral of Mother TeresaSince 1959, and this accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the â€Å"Forward Policy† of setting up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in territory not previously controlled by India. 22] China attacked some of these outposts, and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India technically lost, but China gained no territory as it withdrew to pre-war lines. The war exposed the weaknesses of India’s military, and Nehru was widely criticised for his government’s insufficient attention to defence. In response, Nehru sacked th e defence minister Krishna Menon and sought U. S. military aid, but Nehru’s health began declining steadily, and he spent months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963.Some historians attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a betrayal of trust. [23] Upon his return from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. He died in the early hours of 27 May 1964. Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. [edit] Legacy Nehru’s statue in Aldwych, London.As India’s first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru played a major role in shaping modern India’s government and political culture along with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education, reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehru’s education policy is also credited for the development of world-class educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,[24] Indian Institutes of Technology,[25] and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru was a great man†¦ Nehru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I don’t think others might have succeeded in doing. † – Sir Isaiah Berlin[26] In addition, Nehru’s stance as an unfailing nationalist led him to also implement policies which stressed commonality among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities. This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to one another as allies against a common adversary.While differences of culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the National Book Trust and the National Literary Academy which promoted the translation of regional literatures between languages and also organized the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, â€Å"Integrate or perish. â€Å"[27] [edit] Commemoration Nehru hands out sweets to children in Nongpoh Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorative stamp.In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was widely admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 November, is celebrated in India as Baal Divas (Children’s Day) in recog nition of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children across India remember him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Nehru remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory.Congress leaders and activists often emulate his style of clothing, especially the Gandhi cap, and his mannerisms. Nehru’s ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress Party’s manifesto and core political philosophy. An emotional attachment to his legacy was instrumental in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and the national government. Many documentaries about Nehru’s life have been produced. He has also been portrayed in fictionalised films.The canonical performance is probably that of Roshan Seth, who played him three times: in Richard Attenborough’s 1982 film Gandhi, Shyam Benegal’s 1988 television series Bharat Ek Khoj, based on Nehru’s The Discovery of India, and in a 2007 TV film entitled The Last Days of the Raj. [28] In Ketan Mehta’s film Sardar, Nehru was portrayed by Benjamin Gilani. Nehru’s personal preference for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered formal wear in North India today; aside from lending his name to a kind of cap, the Nehru jacket is named in his honour due to his preference for that style.Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehru’s memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the most prestigious universities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port near the city of Mumbai is a modern port and dock designed to handle a huge cargo and traffic load. Nehru’s residence in Delhi is preserved as the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also preserved to commemorate Nehru and his family’s legacy. edit] Writings Nehru was a prolific writer in English and wrote a number of books, such as The Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, and his autobiography, Towards Freedom. [edit] Awards In 1955 Nehru was awarded with Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honour. [29] [edit] Criticism D. D. Kosambi, a well-known Marxist historian, criticized Nehru in his article for the bourgeoisie class exploitation of Nehru’s socialist ideology. [30]Jaswant Singh, a former leader of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), viewed Nehru, not Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as causing the partition of India, mostly referring to his highly centralised policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in favour of a more decentralised India. The split between the two was among the causes of partition. It is believed that personal animosity between the two leaders led to the partition of India. [31][32] Singh was later expelled from the BJP for having favourable views on Jinnah. [ How to cite Jawaharlal Nehru, Papers Jawaharlal Nehru Free Essays Jawaharlal Nehru BY Joshua49905 Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad in British India. His father, Motilal Nehru (1861-1931), a wealthy barrister who belonged to the Kashmiri Pandit community,[9] served twice as President of the Indian National Congress during the Independence Struggle. His mother, Swaruprani Thussu (1868-1938), who came from a well-known Kashmiri Brahmin family settled in Lahore, was Motilal’s second wife, the first having died in child birth. We will write a custom essay sample on Jawaharlal Nehru or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jawaharlal was the eldest of three children, two of whom were girls. The elder sister, Vijaya Lakshmi, later became the irst female president of the United Nations General Assembly. The youngest sister, Krishna Hutheesing, became a noted writer and authored several books on her brother. Nehru described his childhood as a â€Å"sheltered and uneventful one†. He grew up in an atmosphere of privilege at wealthy homes including a large palatial estate called the Anand Bhawan. His father had him educated at home by private governesses and tutors. [ Under the influence of a tutor, Ferdinand T. Brooks, Nehru became interested in science and theosophy. Nehru was subsequently initiated into he Theosophical Society at age thirteen by family friend Annie Beasant. However, his interest in theosophy did not prove to be enduring and he left the society shortly afterwards Brooks departed as his tutor. Nehru wrote: â€Å"for nearly three years [Brooks] was with me and in many ways he influenced me greatly. † Although Nehru was disdainful of religion, his theosophical interests had induced him to the study of the Buddhist and Hindu scriptures. According to B. R. Nanda, these scriptures were Nehru’s â€Å"first introduction to the religious and cultural heritage of rovided Nehru the initial impulse for [his] long intellectual quest which culminated†¦ in the Discovery of India. † Nehru became an ardent nationalist during his youth. The Boer War and the Russo-Japanese War intensified his feelings. About the latter he wrote, â€Å"[The] Japanese victories [had] stirred up my enthusiasm Nationalistic ideas filled my mind I mused of Indian freedom and Asiatic freedom from the thraldom of Europe. Later when Nehru had begun his institutional schooling in 1905 at Harrow, a leading school in England, he was greatly influenced by G. M. Trevelyan’s Garibaldi books, which he had received as prizes for academic merit. Nehru viewed Garibaldi as a revolutionary hero. He wrote: â€Å"Visions of similar deeds in India came before, of my gallant fght for [Indian] freedom and in my mind India and Italy got strangel y mixed together. Nehru had developed an interest in Indian politics during his time in Britain. Within months of his return to India in 1912 he had attended an annual session of the Indian National Congress in Patna. Nehru was disconcerted with what he saw as a â€Å"very much an English-knowing upper class ffair. † The Congress in 1912 had been the party of moderates and elites. Nehru harboured doubts regarding the ineffectualness of the Congress but agreed to work for the party in support of the Indian civil rights movement in South Africa. He collected funds for the civil rights campaigners led by Mohandas Gandhi in 1913. Later, he campaigned against the indentured labour and other such discriminations faced by Indians in the British colonies. When the First World War broke out in August 1914, sympathy in India was divided. Although educated Indians â€Å"by and arge took a vicarious pleasure† in seeing the British rulers humbled, the ruling upper classes sided with the Allies. Nehru confessed that he viewed the war with mixed feelings. Frank Moraes wrote: â€Å"If [Nehru’s] sympathy was with any country it was with France, whose culture he greatly admired. † During the war, Nehru volunteered for the St John Ambulance and worked as one of the provincial secretaries of the organisation in Allahabad. [ Nehru also spoke out against the censorship acts passed by the British government in India. Nehru’s health began eclining steadily after 1962, and he spent months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963. Some historians attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a betrayal of trust. Upon his return from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. He was â€Å"taken ill in early hours† of 27 May 1964 and died in â€Å"early afternoon† on the same day, and his death was announced to Lok Sabha at 1400 local time; cause of death is believed to be heart attack. Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. Nehru, the man and politician made such a powerful imprint on India that his death on 27 May 1964, left India with no clear political heir to his leadership (although his daughter was widely expected to succeed him before she turned it down in favour of Shastri). Indian newspapers repeated Nehru’s own words of the time of Gandhi’s assassination: â€Å"The light has gone out of our lives and there is darkness everywhere. â€Å" How to cite Jawaharlal Nehru, Papers Jawaharlal Nehru Free Essays Introduction- Jawaharlal Nehru was born on the 14th of November in 1889 in Allahabad, in the time when British were conquering India. He always had a rose in his pocket to show that kids were/are like buds/flowering plants in the garden. He was very fond of children, so in India they celebrate his birthday, as children’s day. We will write a custom essay sample on Jawaharlal Nehru or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was one of the freedom fighters of India. That shows that he is a very close friend of Mohamdas Karamchand Gandhi. He also like the bird white-dove which he thought represented peace. He was also an exceptional child and was greatly loves by everyone in India even as a kid. His father was an eminent lawyer- Motilal Nehru, and his mom was Swaroop-rani. He was not sent to school in his childhood (got education from home), but later, He went to Cambridge in England, for higher studies. He returned to India in 1912, and then he became a lawyer. He was doing his practice in Allahabad High Court. Then he quit his practice and joined the freedom movement. This is where he met Mahatma Gandhi, and got closer to him. During the fight for freedom, he was sent to jail by the British people a lot of times. India got freedom in 1947 and Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime-minister. He was also one of the most successful prime-ministers of India. He did a lot of good things to India like- he started the industrialization, he also developed irrigation in India. He made India get better, by leaps and bounds during his presidency. He has also written a lot of books. He worked severely hard for serving his country. He was a great lover of nature and beauty. Since he loved children, all the kids called him ‘Chacha’- which means uncle. He died on 27th of May in 1964. Collage Pictures- 1. Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru I chose this picture to show how Nehru was close Mahtma Gandhi. They did many things together, to get freedom for India from the British. Jawaharlal Nehru found something special in Gandhi that any other political leader had. Even his father, did not have such political skills. Even Nehru’s father, Motilal Nehru liked Mahtma Gandhi; he found inner confidence in him, which none of the political leaders had, that time. 2. Jawaharlal Nehru with Rose on his clothes I chose this picture to show how kind and caring person he was. As I stated in the beginning, he was very fond of children, and he thought that children were like buds in the garden. To represent this thought of his, he thought of the rose as kids/children and he wore it on this clothes. 3. Jawaharlal Nehru’s 1 rupee coin and stamp The coin and the stamp, both were released in the same day which he became the president. This was released to show all the great things he did. The coin and the stamp represent him. 4. A portrait that represents Jawaharlal Nehru I chose this picture because it shows how much he liked peace and white dove. In this portrait, he has white doves circling him, which shows that he liked peace, and he prefers being surrounded in peace rather than a wild/violent atmosphere. He has a India flag on his shoulder, and his clothes has INDIA on it, this shows how much he loves the country. The person who painted this, painted a moon behind his head to show, that he did a lot of bright things to the country. 5. In this picture, he is with the Indian flag. The Indian flag represents- †¢RED- courage †¢WHITE- peace and honesty †¢GREEN- hope, joy and love This shows that he has all of this in him. That is why I chose this portrait– Jawaharlal Nehru with the flag of India. How to cite Jawaharlal Nehru, Essay examples

Answers of Case Studies free essay sample

Honesty Testing at Carter Cleaning Company Jennifer Carter, president of the Carter Cleaning Centers, and her father have what the latter describes as an easy but hard job when it comes to screening job applicants. It is easy because for two important jobs – the people who actually do the pressing and those who do the cleaning-spotting – the applicants are easily screened with about 20 minutes of on-the-job testing. As with typists, as Jennifer points out, â€Å"Applicants either know how to press clothes fast enough or how to use cleaning chemicals and machines, or they don’t and we find out very quickly by just trying them out on the job. † On the other hand, applicant screening for the stores can also be frustratingly hard because of the nature of some of the other qualities that Jennifer would like to screen for. Two of the most critical problems facing her company are employee turnover and employee honesty. We will write a custom essay sample on Answers of Case Studies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jennifer and her father sorely need to implement practices that will reduce the rate of employee turnover. If there is a way to do this through employee testing and screening techniques, Jennifer would like to know about it because of the management time and money that are now being wasted by the never-ending need to recruit and hire new employees. Of even greater concern to Jennifer and her father is the need to institute new practices to screen out those employees who may be predisposed to steal from the company. Employee theft is an enormous problem for the Carter Cleaning Centers, and one that is not just limited to employees who handle the cash. For example, the cleaner-spotter and/or the presser often open the store themselves, without a manager present, to get the day’s work started, and it is not unusual to have one or more of these people steel supplies or â€Å"run a route. † Running a route means that an employee canvasses his or her neighborhood to pick up people’s clothes for cleaning and then secretly cleans and presses them in the Carter store, using the company’s supplies, gas, and power. It would also not be unusual for an unsupervised person (or his or her supervisor for that matter) to accept a one-hour rush order for cleaning or laundering, quickly clean and press the item, and return it to the customer for payment without making out a proper ticket for the item posting the sale. The money, of course, goes into the worker’s pocket instead of into the cash register. The more serious problem concerns the store manager and the counter workers who actually have to handle the cash. According to Jack Carter, â€Å"You would not believe the creativity employees use to get around the management controls we set up to cut down on employee theft. † As one extreme example of this felonious creativity, Jack tells the following story: â€Å"To cut down on the amount of money my employees were stealing, I had a small sign painted and placed in the front of all our cash registers. It was my intention with this sign to force all our cash-handling employees to place their receipts into the cash register where they would be recorded for my accountants. After all, if the cash that comes in is recorded in the cash register, then we should have a much better handle on stealing in our stores, right? Well, one of our managers found a diabolical way around this. I came into the store one night and noticed that the cash register this particular manager was using just didn’t look right, although the sign was dutifully placed in front of it. It turned out that every afternoon at about 5:00 p. m. when the other employees left, this character would pull his own cash register out of a box that he hid underneath our supplies. Customers coming in would notice the sign and of course the fact that he was meticulous in ringing up every sale. But unknown to them and us, for about five months the sales that came in for about an hour every day went into his cash register, not mine. It took us that long to figure out where our cash for that store was going. Here is what Jennifer would like you to answer for her: 1. What would be the advantages and disadvantages to Jennifer’s company of routinely administering honesty tests to all employees? 2. Specifically, what other screening techniques could the company use to screen out theft-prone employees, and how exactly could these be used? 3. How should her company terminate employees caught stealing, and what kind of procedure should be set up for handling reference calls about these employees when they go to other companies looking for jobs?

The Civil War Dilemmas Slave

In the middle of the 1800s, slavery and interpersonal relations between people with different social conditions were considered to be one of the most burning issues for consideration. Different families introduced absolutely different attitudes to the idea of slavery and owner-slave relations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Civil War Dilemmas: Slave-Owner Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The vast majority of rich people did not find it necessary to respect their slaves and introduce appropriate treatment. However, there were many cases when families took unbelievable care for their slaves and realized that human questions should go first if it was necessary. Nowadays, it is very hard for modern people to imagine how it is to be a slave and to be dependent on other people’s wishes and demands. It is impossible to comprehend what made people demonstrate their power over other people. However, it is also difficult to believe that many people were eager to protect their slaves and provide them with necessary treatment in respect to their assistance in house keeping or other duties. Slavery has to be regarded as an obscure question in the Civil War that divided people into groups, made them fight against each other, and forgot about the amenities of human life that was given to everyone; and in this paper, an attempt to evaluate slavery and to define its strong and weak sides under different conditions will be made. The question of slaves’ role in society turned out to be crucial in the development of interpersonal relations and played an important role in the history considering as one of the main reasons of the Civil War. In one of the letters written during the times before the Civil War, there was mentioned a true nature of slavery: it was said that â€Å"each every difficulty now growing out of the subject of slavery† (Estill 4). From other letters, it b ecomes clear that the vast majority of people could not realize a true essence of slavery and properly define the reasons of why people had to be divided into slaves and free. â€Å"I can never subscribe to the doctrine that Congress must protect slavery in the Territories; never. We must repudiate that vagary† (Stuart 2). Unfortunately, such attitude to slavery was not inherent to all representatives of society. People could not define what position they had to have, this is why numerous discussion concerning slavery and conditions under which people should live took place. The general state of affairs was of double nature in all states before the war, this is why there was a need to evaluate slavery and make it similar in all states.Advertising Looking for essay on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This dilemma was hard to solve even from a religion perspective according to which all people were equal before God: Southern representatives could not support an idea of preaching gospels in those states where slavery was spread because these people did not deserve the right to have any kind of connection to God; and Northern representatives in their turn tried to support this idea unanimously (Staunton Spectator 2). The development of slavery ideas touched upon numerous people in different ways. Slavery existed, and it means that there were enough people who supported this idea and tried to create appropriate conditions to develop slavery all over the world. However, from the personal diaries of people, it became clear that the vast majority of people just had unbelievable fears in regard to slavery and people’s participation. Joseph Addison Waddell was a confederate who was obliged to stay at home and observe the events from there. He admitted that â€Å"slavery itself is extremely repulsive to my feelings† (Waddell n.p.), however, even his opposition to slavery meant nothing in comparison to his fear to what could happen to people who rejected slavery. Other owners of slaves demonstrated different attitude to their slaves and care of their conditions: slave’s complaints as for poor health and the necessity to call for a doctor (Smith 1) or owner’s refusal to impress her slave because of Confederates’ demands (Ott 2). So, another slave dilemma appears soon: how should slaves treat to those owners who respect their feelings and want to save proper relations with them? War times created numerous difficulties for people, however, one of the most difficult things was to go against personal demands and interests and take into consideration the requirements posed by society. In the movie Gone with the Wind, the director made a successful attempt how the relations between owners and slavers could develop: Scarlet’s slave had to leave their family in order to protect his rights, but still, he wanted to come back because it was his home and his family. Of course, this movie is far from true emotions and events during the period of war. However, it is a good chance to see how people suffered. Though slavery was not the only cause of the Civil War, it still had a considerable imprint in history. By means of the African slave-trade, Americans were able to supply necessary material and living means (Franklin Repository 1). Early colonial times were characterized by a long and cruel process of slavery establishment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Civil War Dilemmas: Slave-Owner Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People could not agree to the conditions under which slavery was offered. However, they could also do nothing in order to protect their own interests. People believed in one truth: all of them are born to be free and equal, but still, people supported slavery and even made it legal in 13 colonies. Those people who supp orted an idea of slavery supported an idea of creation of the device that would kill millions of people. The outcomes of their ideas and demands to make their lives better lead to negative results. The process of buying slaves was as ordinary as buying a new dress: relatives with high ranks were eager to suggest each other how to buy a proper slave and how to make use of him/her (Gilkeson 3). At the same time, many owners did not want to believe in the idea that slavery could lead to wars and misunderstanding because they treated to their slaves with love and care: â€Å"I fell in love with dear old Aunt Charity, the cook, and Amanda, the laundress† (Sterrett para.5). One of the silliest mistakes made by people before the Civil War is thoughtlessness to such important details as self-respect, personal ambitions, evaluation of ethical norms, and attention to labor. The representatives of high classes lost their way. They opposed an idea of slavery but still they did not want t o support the government that was able to improve the situation (Staunton Vindicator 2). To become different, to become better, or to achieve new peaks – all these purposes turned out to be crucial in everyday people’s life. They did not want to take care of ethical truths and norms which usually formulate relations between people. The experience of people demonstrated in their letters proved that before the Civil War, people became angrier, more selfish, and one-sided. They did their ordinary things, wrote letters, and share their thoughts with each other. However, they forgot about the necessity to develop relations and did something for their future generations. They left homes to join wars because they got orders and follow them. People did not think that they could influence something. And slaves, in their turn, wanted to achieve respect from their owners, this is why their attempts were more or less successful.Advertising Looking for essay on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the end of the Civil War, the number of deaths was impressive indeed. People lost their lives in order to protect their rights. However, they could not guess that their actions and inabilities were the causes of their losses. Slavery is the debatable question that could not be opposed or supported only. Much depends on the conditions people prefer to create. Life of ordinary people who did not want to participate in public affairs underwent considerable changes during the war. The relations between slaves and owners faced a number of dilemmas in accordance to which it was hard to define the truth. On the one hand, if the war did not occur, people could never realize the worth of the lives and the necessity to improve slave-owner relations. On the other hand, people had to use their experience and abilities to solve problems in more peaceful ways. So that, such dilemmas could never be solved but still they could be understood. Works Cited Estill, B. â€Å"Valley Personal Letters. † The Valley of the Shadow. 13 Feb 1860. Web. http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/papers/A8028. Gilkeson, A. â€Å"Valley Personal Letters.† The Valley of the Shadow. 21 Sept 1858. Web. http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/papers/A1112. â€Å"Hon. John Letcher and the People of the Tenth Legion.† Staunton Spectator (19 Feb 1859): 1. Web. http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/news/rv1859/va.au.rv.1859.02.19.xml#02. Ott, Margaret. â€Å"Valley Personal Letters.† The Valley of the Shadow. 6 Dec 1864. Web. http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/papers/A2915. Smith, Joseph. â€Å"Valley Personal Letters.† The Valley of the Shadow. 23 Nov 1862. Web. http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/papers/A9513. â€Å"Slavery Discussion.† Staunton Spectator (10 Jun 1857): 2. Web. http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/news/ss1857/va.au.ss.1857.06.10.xml#02. Sterrett, Alansa, R. â€Å"Diary of Alansa Rounds Sterrett (1860-1913)†. The Valley of the Shadow. Web. http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/pap ers/AD9001. Stuart, Alexander. â€Å"Valley Personal Letters.† The Valley of the Shadow. 12 Aug 1859. Web. http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/papers/A8012. â€Å"The Basis of Union.† Franklin Repository (31 Aug 1859): 1. Web. http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/news/fr1859/pa.fr.fr.1859.08.31.xml#01. Waddell, Joseph, A. â€Å"Augusta County: Diary of Joseph Addison Waddell.† The valley of the Shadow. Web. http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/papers/AD1500. This essay on The Civil War Dilemmas: Slave-Owner Relations was written and submitted by user Tatt00 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tear Gas - What to Do If You Are Exposed

Tear Gas - What to Do If You Are Exposed Tear gas (e.g., CS, CR, Mace, pepper spray) is used to control riots, disperse crowds, and subdue individuals. It is intended to cause pain, so exposure to it is not fun. However, the effects of the gas usually are temporary. You can expect relief from most of the symptoms within a couple of hours of exposure. This is a look at how to prepare for a potential encounter with tear gas, with tips on how to respond. Symptoms of Tear Gas Exposure stinging and burning of the eyes, nose, mouth, and skinexcessive tearingblurred visionrunny nosesalivation (drooling)exposed tissue may develop a rash and a chemical burncoughing and difficulty breathing, including a feeling of chokingdisorientation and confusion, which may lead to panicintense anger The disorientation and confusion may not be totally psychological. In some cases, the solvent used to prepare the tear gas may contribute to the reaction and may be more toxic than the lachrymatory agent. What to Do Tear gas usually is delivered in the form of a grenade, which is fitted onto the end of a gas gun and fired with a blank shotgun cartridge. Therefore, you may hear shots being fired when tear gas is used. Dont assume you are being shot at. Do not panic. Look up when you hear the shot and avoid being in the path of the grenade. Tear gas grenades often explode in the air, delivering a metal container which will spew gas. This container will be hot, so do not touch it. Do not pick up an unexploded tear gas canister, since it could explode and cause injury. The best defense against tear gas is a gas mask, but if you dont have a mask there are still steps you can take to minimize damage from tear gas. If you think you might encounter tear gas you can soak a bandana or paper towel in lemon juice or cider vinegar and store it in a plastic baggie. You can breathe through the acidified cloth for several minutes, which should give you sufficient time to get upwind or reach higher ground. Goggles are a great thing to have. You can use tight-fitting swim goggles if chemical safety goggles arent available. Dont wear contacts anywhere you might encounter tear gas. If you are wearing contact lenses, immediately remove them. Your contacts are a loss as is anything else you cant wash. You can wear your clothes again after you wash them  but wash them separately that first time. If you dont have goggles or any sort of mask, you can breathe the air inside your shirt, since there is less air circulation and therefore a lower concentration of the gas, but that is counterproductive once the fabric becomes saturated. First Aid First aid for eyes is to flush them with sterile saline or water until the stinging starts to abate. Exposed skin should be washed with soap and water. Breathing difficulties are treated by administering oxygen and in some cases using medication that are used to treat asthma. Medicated bandages can be used on burns.

Consider how one(or many)of the characters in Harper Lee's To Kill a Essay

Consider how one(or many)of the characters in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird are constructing their Identity. Analysis How - Essay Example It could be studied with equal felicity under the feminist, psychoanalytic or formalistic critical frameworks. To this extent, the novel can be said to be ‘polysemic’. Polysemy is the state of having more than one meaning. Though first coined to describe a linguistic phenomenon, the term has now gained a broader meaning so that it is also applied in discussing authorial intent in literary works. Also implied in the term ‘polysemy’ is the notion that perceptions vary depending on the particular identity of the reader, and â€Å"that words are multi-ordinal; these characteristics can lead to or permit conscious or unconscious confusion. The existence of diverging perceptions and language are explained through general semantics. Two significant ideas of general semantics are non-identity and infinity of values. Each of these ideas is manifest in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee.† (Kasper, 2006, p.273) With the help of insights offered by Mar xist school of literary criticism, this essay will argue that social class is a major divisive factor in the novel. A central theme of the novel is its characters’ tendency to strongly identify with their race. Just as race separates, the human will is shown to overcome this difference. The decision by Atticus Finch to defend the black Tom Robinson is the most luminous example. Atticus’ defense of the innocent Robinson proves a daunting task. Despite convincing evidence to acquit Robinson from his guilt, the exclusively white jury convicts him all the same. Even the prison officials concoct a fake encounter and shoot Robinson while he was allegedly trying to escape. What is so shocking is that even within the confines of institutions of law and law enforcement, racial identity plays a dominant and destructive role. Clearly, racial prejudice overwhelms notions of fairness and justice espoused by law. (Singley, 2002, p.47) Applying Marxist critical thought to the novel w e see how race is strongly correlated with class. This means that all the blacks in the novel are inevitably also poor. This relationship between race and class makes the study of Atticus Finch all that more interesting and important. Atticus Finch is an exception to the typical characterization of white men – those seen in the novel as well as they actually existed in early twentieth century America. It order to deconstruct the formative ingredients behind Atticus Finch’s identity, we have to consider his upbringing, his influences, etc. From the references available in the text, we learn that Atticus Finch was a pious man. He is someone who looked up to the words of the scriptures in both letter and spirit. He brings the same attitude and mindset to his work as a lawyer. For Atticus, the spirit is more important than the literal interpretations of law – a concept he assimilated from his personal realizations of God. The manner in which Atticus brings up his ow n children is another indication of how his character is constructed. It is fair to assume that cherished values and virtues are inculcated by parents in their children. Just as Atticus’ children Scout and Jem are raised without prejudice or hatred, he in turn must have been raised the same way. So, it is fair to claim that Atticus’ identity development falls outside Marxist literary critique, for there is no trace of identity with class that is central to Marxism. On the other hand, religion and culture play

What are the maintrends in and effects of immigration in contemporary Essay

What are the maintrends in and effects of immigration in contemporary Europe - Essay Example On the other hand, a political migrant is one who runs away from his habitat because of conflicts from the government due to war. The person may leave his or her country for a new place to live in peace. These immigrants come from different backgrounds, which have variety of difference in terms of culture and norms. Immigration can have positive or negative impacts on both the country of origin and destination either for political, economic or even social situations. These recipient habitats are usually industrialized habitats it may be countries in Europe or the United states and even any other country, which is developed economically, politically, and security. Immigrants in these countries bring various impacts to the new habitat such as economy, culture, religious and security (Jane 1). One good thing immigration has done for host habitat is economy that involves employment in that they will be willing to do jobs that people in the host habitat will not or cannot do (Ioannis 1). They often work for longer hours and for lower income though that is controversial, sometimes exploitive against human rights but they act as beneficiary to the host habitat. This still happens up to date and even in years to come where many people have migrated and still doing so to develop their countries, and are willing to work so as earn a living in order to survive thus boosts the development and economy of the host habitat (Jane 1). In most cases when the immigrants’ are accepted in the host society and can largely contribute to the diversity of that society in terms of introduction of different cultures and people with talents which brings new ideas in the market of production of goods and offering of services thus contributing to the economic growth. After the European Union session in 2003 which allowed for its expansion, the biggest movement of labor across Europe was witnessed. During the December of 2003 period alone, over 40, 000 passengers flew between UK airpo rts and those in Poland. In duration of five years after that, it became near impossible for one to fly from 20 UK airports to any of the Polish Cities. The number of people in that year moving from Poland to the UK was over 385, 000 (Jane 1). It is worthy pointing out that the origins and choice of destinations for migrants has been found to be differential among countries. Some countries responded to this huge influx of immigrants by restricting access to their labor markets. The tendency for one migrating from countries deemed to be in â€Å"new† Europe can be said to be varying significantly. The main focus of this paper will be thoroughly examining the trends, impacts and implications of one migrating from Poland to the UK. Poland has been deemed to be the largest sender country while UK is the receiver due to its particular need for highly skilled labor. This has lead to fear among sender countries of losing their highly skilled people to other nations who offer better opportunities and salaries. The receiving countries have in turn downplayed these fears by claiming that migrant workers are important in filling low skilled labor deficiency. Looking this situation from the European Union perspective, there is plenty of important implication. First and foremost, issues of equal access to employment and the mobility of the highly skilled labor have to be addressed. The second issue if the grave matter of brain waste from the

Clinical case scenario assignment

Clinical case scenario assignment The impact of oral conditions on an individuals quality of life can be profound, more so when they are increased risk patients such as the elderly or those with Down syndrome. These individuals experience the same dental problems as the general population; however, poor oral health may add an additional burden, whereas good oral health has benefits in that it can improve general health, social acceptability, self-esteem and quality of life (Fiske, Griffiths, Jamieson, Manger, 2000). When formulating an oral health care plan for higher risk patients, it is valuable to have a general knowledge of how to treat such cases. This assessment will explore two clinical case scenarios and the process through which each treatment plan is developed. Furthermore, the importance of providing a patient with quality care, rather than merely treatment, will be explored. CASE 1 Appointment 1: Complete Initial Assessment Take medical history According to Duggal, Hosy, and Welbury (2005, p.42), taking a comprehensive case history is an â€Å"essential prelude to clinical examination, diagnosis, and treatment planning†, and also plays a role in establishing a relationship with the patient. In this case the patient is a thirteen year old female with Down syndrome, a genetic disorder that ranges in severity with unique characteristics that can influence dental care (Pilcher, 1998). It is associated with physical and medical conditions such as cardiac defects, compromised immune system, and upper respiratory infections (MacDonald Avery, 2000). Dental consideration The history reveals that the patient received surgery for a cardiac abnormality at birth, and does not require antibiotic cover for dental treatment. The National Heart Foundation of New Zealand (2009) state that antibacterial cover is given as a prophylactic measure to prevent endocarditis; a serious and potentially fatal infection that affects the endocardium when bacteria is transported through the blood stream from the mouth because of dental work. Although prophylaxis is not necessary, consultation with the patients physician is crucial to determine any underlying medical conditions that concern her dental treatment. According to Pilcher (1998) the eruption of teeth in persons with Down syndrome is usually delayed, may occur in an unusual order and there is an extremely high rate of missing teeth in both the primary and permanent dentitions. Therefore, it is important to maintain the primary dentition for as long as possible. Additionally, The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) (2010) state that patients with Down syndrome can experience rapid destructive periodontal disease thought to be a result of their lowered host immune response. Other related factors include abnormal tooth morphology with an increased likelihood of smaller or conical roots, bruxism, malocclusion, and poor oral hygiene (Boyd, Quick, Murray, 2004). Therefore, good homecare is vital to manage periodontal disease and carious lesions. The mental capability of people with Down syndrome can vary widely (NIDCR, 2010), which is why as a health professional it is important to perceive how much information the patient is able to comprehend. Education should be given to the family and caregiver to ensure optimal homecare is provided. Plaque index Taking a plaque score is a quick and useful way for a dental provider to assess oral hygiene by estimating the tooth surface covered with debris and/or calculus (Wilkins, 2009). The patient has plaque deposits along the gingival margins of many tooth surfaces and calculus deposits on the lingual surfaces of the lower anterior teeth indicating poor oral hygiene. Periodontal probing It is described that the patient has red and inflamed gingival tissues with the worst area associated with the upper anterior teeth. This is likely to be a result of mouth breathing which is common in patients with Down syndrome due to a small nasal airway and incompetent lips (Pilcher, 1998). Periodontal charting will determine whether the condition is gingivitis which is reversible or periodontitis. If there are periodontal pocket depths greater than 3mm, bone loss and root surface involvement, a more extensive treatment will be required (Wilkins, 2009). Record examination and dental charting Upper permanent lateral incisors appear to be absent Upper deciduous canines show no mobility permanent canines not visible Mesial marginal ridge of 75 broken down as a result of dental caries and is symptomless Fistula buccal to 74 Permanent incisors and first molars show signs of mild to moderate hypoplasia Radiographs Bitewing radiographs should be taken to check for bone levels, calculus, overhangs of restorations, and carious lesions in the posterior teeth. An orthopantomogram (OPG) will determine the presence and position of permanent teeth and assess growth and development as well as other pathology (Cameron Widmer, 2003). Additionally, a periapical radiograph will be necessary for pre-operative assessment of tooth 74 and 75 to determine the origin of the fistula. Diagnosis Abscessed tooth (74 or 75 depending on radiographs) 75 has dental caries with pulpal involvement Periodontal disease (depending on pocket depth) Differential diagnosis: Severe plaque-induced gingivitis or Chronic periodontitis Mild to moderate molar incisor hypomineralisation hypoplasia Oral health education and instruction The patient has poor plaque control and therefore should be taught brushing and flossing techniques using the tell/show/do method so the dental provider can see how well the patient and parent or caregiver understand what is being instructed. She should be advised to brush at least twice a day and floss daily, as well as brush the tongue and gingiva. The use of an electric toothbrush and floss holders should be recommended as those with Down syndrome often have limited manual dexterity (Sacks Buckley, 2003). Additionally, a high concentration of fluoride such as Neutrofluor 5000 Plus toothpaste is recommended for daily use by patients with high risk of dental caries which Wilkins states will promote remineralisation and help strengthen the teeth (2009). Dietary advice Diet should be discussed with a focus on finding if the patient has a lot of sugar in her diet and educating her on the effects of cariogenic foods, perhaps using Stephans curve to explain depending on her level of understanding. The patient should be encouraged to eat cheese, unsweetened yogurt, milk and other dairy products as they contain calcium, phosphorous and magnesium which helps protect dental health (The Dairy Council Digest, 2000). Moreover, sugary and acidic drinks should be minimised as they can cause enamel erosion. It is vital the parent or caregiver receive this information as they may have a significant influence over her diet and pamphlets taken home to serve as a reference or reminder. Formulate a treatment plan Cameron and Widmer (2003, p. 6) state that treatment should be performed in the following order: (1) Emergency care and relief of pain, (2) preventive care, (3) surgical treatment, (4) restorative treatment, (5) orthodontic treatment, (6) extensive restorative or further surgical management, and (7) recall and review. Once this has been completed it should be discussed with both the patient and her parents or caregiver and informed consent must be given. Appointment 2: The amalgam restoration in the 74 is described as appearing sound but there is a fistula present buccal to the tooth. A fistula is a channel allowing excess exudate to drain from an abscess (Ibsen Phelan, 2004). Although this can be painless, it is considered an emergency and should be dealt with before any dental treatment. It is likely that the fistula is related to the 75 which is broken down due to dental caries. When the marginal ridge of a primary molar is broken down due to dental caries, the pulp is consistently exposed (Cameron Widmer, 2003). Although the 75 is described as symptomless, this may be because the drained exudate is relieving pressure from inside the tooth meaning it is less likely to be painful. If the PA radiograph confirms that the carious lesion on tooth 75 has pulpal involvement, it will be treated with either pulpectomy or extraction. Pulpectomy: If tooth 35 is not present, the 75 should be preserved and a referral to a dentist to perform root canal therapy will be given. It is advised that a stainless steel crown be placed as according to Cameron and Widmer (2003) this is the strongest possible final restoration following pulpectomy and will be necessary to preserve the 75 for as long as possible. Extraction: If 35 is present, the 75 should be extracted. However if 35 is not ready to erupt, a space maintainer is recommended to preserve the gap after extraction of 75 to prevent the adjacent teeth drifting into its space. This will enable the 35 to erupt in the proper position and prevent malocclusion in the future and will require a referral to an orthodontist. The amalgam restoration on tooth 74 appears sound and depending on radiograph results, if there is no abscess on tooth 74 and 34 is present, no treatment is needed on this tooth. If there is abscess on 74, the same treatment for abscessed 75 is indicated. Appointment 3: Reassess oral hygiene: Reinforce good behaviour and make necessary recommendations for continual improvement. Scale and polish: The aim of this is to remove as much bacteria from the oral cavity as possible and have a healthy mouth to perform restorative work in. According to Stefanac and Nesbit (2001), when planning treatment, it is sensible to put the least invasive treatments first when possible so that the patient can familiarise themselves with the dental setting and feel comfortable. (Pilcher, 1998) states that having a patient with Down syndrome that is relaxed and at ease can assists with cooperation in the chair and useful for future appointments. Hypoplasia: The permanent incisors and first molars are described as having mild to moderate hypoplasia. Enamel hypoplasia is a deficiency in quantity of enamel that results in a defect of contour in the surface (Cameron Widmer, 2003). This defect can cause tooth sensitivity, may be unsightly and more susceptible to dental caries. A compromised immune system is a characteristic of most individuals with Down syndrome which contributes to a higher rate of infections (Pilcher, 1998) and it is possible that the hypoplasia is related to the patients condition. Because of the teeth involved, this is likely to be Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) which is defined as a hypomineralisation of systemic origin of one to four permanent first molars frequently associated with affected incisors (Weerheijm, 2003). It is important that MIH be treated as soon as identified to minimise the heightened risk of dental caries and prevent the patient from experiencing tooth sensitivity. Treatment options depend on the severity of the hypoplasia and the symptoms associated with it (University of Iowa, n.d.). It should be noted that the worst area of inflamed gingival tissue is associated with the upper anterior teeth which could be a result of the patient avoiding these as they are sensitive or painful to brush. It may be useful to ask the patient about this so that education can be given on the importance of brushing all areas and the problem can be addressed. In this case scenario, the most effective treatment would be the application of a fluoride varnish to the hypoplastic areas followed by resin-based sealants. Alternatively, if ideal moisture control cannot be achieved, glass ionomer sealant can be used. According to Subramaniam, Konde, and Mandanna (2008), the retention of resin sealant is seen to be superior of that of the glass ionomer which should be treated as temporary only. Cameron and Widmer (2003) explain that localised defects may be restored with composite resin and pitting defects may require stain removal with either rotary instruments or some sort of bleaching system. Furthermore, if there is sensitivity, the use of tooth mousse products should be advised to assist with remineralisation and desensitisation of the teeth (Walsh, 2007). Appointment 4: Remove IRM: Although the temporary restoration on tooth 65 is sound, it should be replaced with a permanent filling as Mount and Hume state that zinc oxide eugenol hydrolyses in time and should not be used for over six months (1998). Additionally, composite should not be used because the release of eugenol will inhibit the polymerisation of the composite resin (Mount Hume, 1998). Therefore, an amalgam restoration should be placed on tooth 65 if the radiograph shows tooth 25 is present. If the permanent successor is not present, the temporary restoration should be replaced with a permanent restoration like a stainless steel crown and may require pulpotomy depending on how far the carious lesion has progressed in the tooth. Recall: A three month recall should be arranged as the patient is high risk for caries and periodontal disease. It is essential that optimal oral hygiene is maintained and well monitored by the dental practitioner. CASE 2 The human needs of each older adult must be assessed individually and not based on preconceived stereotypes as the healthcare needs of elderly persons can vary from health to severe illness (Darby Walsh, 2010). According to Fiske et al. (2000) there is a general trend for a reduction in edentulism and an increase in the retention of natural teeth. This attitude leads to more people wanting to understand how to best maintain good oral hygiene and it is the role of the dental provider to assist these individuals with appropriate educational instructions. In this clinical case scenario the patient is an 81 year old man who comes to the clinic for dental hygiene care. Appointment 1: Complete Initial Assessment Take medical history The patient shows early signs of Parkinsons disease; a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of neurons that produce dopamine (Little, Falace, Miller, Rhodus, 2008). Loss of these neurons results in characteristic motor disturbances including a resting tremor, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. It is common for those with Parkinsons disease to also experience xerostomia as a result of polypharmacy and is significant as this increases the risk of periodontal disease and coronal and root surface caries (Wilkins, 2009). It is described that the patient has mild congestive heart failure which The American Heart Association (2011) state is the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the needs of the body and can be a result of myocardial infarction and other forms of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. As the heart failure is mild, he will not require antibiotic prophylaxis for dental treatment however it is wise to confirm this with his physician. The patient is taking nitroglycerin tablets under the tongue to relieve chest pain several times a week. It is taken sublingually for immediate relief of chest pain by reducing the oxygen need of the heart and may cause dizziness, light-headedness and fainting and may cause xerostomia (Medline Plus, 2011). The patient has stiffness in the fingers of his dominant right hand due to arthritis; an inflammatory or degenerative process which involves the joints (Arthritis Foundation, 2011). Patients with arthritis may experience pain, swelling, limitation of motion and deformity of the joints and may find it difficult to keep an open mouth for long dental procedures. Oral hygiene assessment The patient has poor oral hygiene. It is likely that due to his arthritis which affects the fingers in his right hand, he is not adequately brushing quadrants 2 and 3. It should be noted that there are signs of abrasion lesions on the buccal surfaces of quadrants 1 and 4. Abrasion is the mechanical wearing away of tooth substance by forces other than mastication (Wilkins, 2009, p.272) and this is likely to be a result of the patient vigorously brushing horizontally. Furthermore, he has heavy plaque deposits on the lower lingual and all interproximal which indicate interproximal plaque removal methods must be instructed. Periodontal probing All periodontal pockets measure 1-3 mm except for 26 mesial with a probing depth of 4mm indicating generally good periodontal health. Record exam and dental charting 27 moderately filled teeth present with tooth 25 lost due to a fractured root Gingival recession is present with 1-2 mm areas of root surfaces exposed on most teeth. A couple of theses surfaces present with light brown marks that are soft to touch Tooth 26 shows sign of periodontal bone loss palatally as well as tipping and drifting forward into the space left by 25 Heavy plaque deposits on the buccal surfaces of quadrant 2 and quadrant 3 as well as lower lingual and all interproximal surfaces Very light plaque deposits on the buccal surfaces of quadrant 1 and quadrant 4 Some surfaces with light plaque show signs of abrasion Radiographs To complete the initial assessment, bitewing radiographs and an OPG should be taken. This can give the dental provider information on alveolar bone levels, plaque retention factors, interproximal and secondary caries, furcation defects, subgingival calculus and additional pathology (Tugnail, Clerehugh, Hirschmann, 1999). A periapical radiograph of tooth 26 is taken to examine bone loss and to check for subgingival calculus and root surface caries. Risk assessment The patient is at high risk of developing dental caries and moderate risk for periodontal disease due to his medical history. His lack of manual dexterity associated with Parkinsons disease and arthritis, makes adequate plaque removal difficult to achieve. Moreover, due to medications, he is more likely to have xerostomia which will increase his risk of periodontal disease and dental caries, especially root surface caries (Wilkins, 1999). Diagnosis Moderate plaque-induced gingivitis Localised moderate chronic periodontitis on tooth 26 due to tilting Generalised gingival recession Toothbrush abrasion Areas of root surface caries Oral health education and oral hygiene instruction Perhaps the most important treatment a dental provider can give is that of oral health education, information, promotion and counselling. This enables the patient to maintain good oral hygiene themselves and prevent further disease processes. In this clinical case scenario it is vital to advise the patient on homecare which will address his risks of dental caries and periodontal disease. According to Darby Walsh (2010) caries control and prevention activities must address three interrelated factors: (1) removal of bacterial plaque and biofilm, (2) reduction of refined carbohydrates and snacking in the diet, and (3) use of topical fluoride. The patients oral hygiene activities are compromised due to the arthritis in his right hand and in the future will be further affected by his developing Parkinsons disease. His poor oral hygiene should be addressed firstly by recommending the use of adaptive devices. Using a powered toothbrush and modifications of handle size, width, and grip, will provide assistance for the patient with thorough plaque removal. It should also be suggested that the patient use floss holders to ensure the effective removal of interproximal plaque or alternatively, interproximal brushes can be recommended if the patient is able to use them effectively. Poor dietary practices involving the over consumption of soft, retentive refined carbohydrates and frequent snacking patterns are common among older adults (Darby Walsh, 2010). The dental provider has an obligation to educate the patient on optimum food choices and nutritional patterns to promote oral health. It could also be beneficial to speak with any caregivers regarding the patients diet and make suggestions to prevent further carious lesions. Replacing sweet snacks with cheese and crackers or substituting sugar-free hard candy for mints are examples of two specific dietary interventions that may be more easily and realistically implemented for older adults. Furthermore, the frequent use of topical fluoride products for home use should be encouraged. A high fluoride toothpaste (5,000 ppm) will help to strengthen enamel and aid in the prevention of dental caries and will cause little change in the routine of the patient. For management of xerostomia, the patient is advised to take frequent sips of water and avoid the consumption of alcoholic drinks which will further dry out the oral mucosa. Sugar-free chewing gums will help stimulate the saliva but if the patient experiences difficulty in chewing because of arthritis, this may not be advisable. Additionally, tooth mousse should be recommended to provide lubrication and assist in preventing root surface caries (Walsh, 2007). If the patient is unable to provide adequate home care, alternative solutions should be provided, such as the introduction of the Collis curve toothbrush, assisted brushing, or chlorhexidine rinses (Little et al., 2008) These aids facilitate self-care and hence self-determination for the patient. The patient may suffer from mild dementia and due to his age may have difficulty remembering everything discussed at the initial appointment therefore all instruction should be written down and passed to him or a caregiver. Formulate a treatment plan Appointments should be kept short and scheduled in the morning or early afternoon when patient is less tired or whenever suits his needs best. Once a care plan has been completed it should be discussed with the patient and informed consent must be given. Appointment 2: Re-assess oral hygiene Quadrant scaling is recommended in case a full debridement cannot be completed in one appointment Reinforce good oral hygiene Appointment 3: Re-assess oral hygiene Complete scaling and full mouth polish Reinforce good oral hygiene A referral letter to the patients dentist is to be written and given to him regarding the restorative work required on the root caries present in his mouth. The importance of treatment should be explained to the patient and if necessary his caregivers should also be advised of the work required. As a preventive method, fluoride varnish should be applied to the other receded areas to help remineralise the enamel and reduce any sensitivity the patient may be experiencing (Wilkins, 2009). Recall: Upon completion of treatment for this patient, a three month recall should be arranged as his medical history indicates he may require regular maintenance in the future. This is also a good chance to evaluate the outcome and effectiveness of the previous treatment. According to Stefanac and Nesbit (2001) an oral health care plan is about balancing the ideal with the practical, and emphasis should be placed on the patient and their needs which ought to drive the treatment planning process. There has been a shift in treatment given by dental providers, where the focus is now on not only restoring the problem in the clinic, but educating the patient on how they can best achieve optimal oral health themselves. This assessment has investigated two different clinical case scenarios and discussed oral health care plans for each. In addition, it has examined the importance of treating each patient as an individual with specific needs and the significance of providing them with methods or self-care.

Bio 169

Urinary System: Anatomy Review 1. Name the organs in the urinary system:1. 2 kidneys2. 2 ureters3. bladder4. uethra2. The kidneys are retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum), lying against the dorsal body wall in the upper abdomen. 3. The adrenal gland sits atop the kidneys. Blood vessels enter and leave the kidney at the renal cortex. 4. The functional units of the kidney are the nephrons. They are called renal pyramids if they are located mainly in the cortex. They are called renal pyramids if they are located in both the cortex and the medulla. 5. Blood enters the kidney through the hilus artery. The artery branches into smaller and smaller arteries and arterioles. Complete the sequence below: ______________ arteriole ______________ capillaries ______________ arteriole ______________ capillaries and vasa recta6. Complete the sequence below showing all parts of the nephron: Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule proximal convoluted tubule loop of henle (both descending and ascending limb) distal convoluted tubule collecting duct (both cortical and medullary sections)7. The renal corpuscle consists of two parts: glomerular capillaries and the Bownan’s capsule.A portion of the plasma is filtered into the capsular space due to the hydrostatic pressure of the blood.8. The filtration membrane consists of fenestrated capillary endothelium, porous basementmembrane, and the photocyte (which contain filtration slits). This filtration membrane permits (large or small) molecules to be filtered.9. Proximal tubule: The simple cuboid al cells of the proximal tubule are called brush border cells because they contain numerous microvilli. The microvilli increase the surface area for reabsorption. The proximal tubule cells are highly permeable to water and many solutes. The tight junctions permit the movement of water between the cells.10. Loop of Henle: The thin descending limb of the loop of Henle is highly permeable to water but not to solutes. The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is highly permeable to ___________________ but not to ___________________.11. The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle runs back between the afferent and efferent arterioles as they enter and leave the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule. The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of the macular densa cells of the tubule and the granular (modified smooth muscle) cells of the afferent arteriole. Granulerutal cells serve as baroreceptors sensitive to blood pressure within the arteriole. Macular densa cells monitor and respond t o changes in the osmolarity (or electrolyte composition) of the filtrate in the tubule.12. After the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the tubule becomes the distal tubule, which merges with the cortical collecting duct. The cortical collecting duct contains two functional types of cells: Principal cells—hormones regulate their permeability to water and solutes. Intercalated cells—secrete hydrogen ions for acid-base regulation.13. The medullary collecting duct is composed of principal cells.Their permeability to urea and water is hormonally regulated. Urinary System: Glomerular Filtration1. What force drives filtration at the glomerulus? Blood pressure2. Glomerular filtration is a process of bulk flow driven by the hydrostatic pressure of the blood.3. Common components of the filtrate are divided into four categories on the CD program. These include: 1. water 2. ions 3. notrogenous waste 4. organic molecules4. Blood pressure in the glomerulus is about 60 mmHg.5. What two pres sures oppose filtration and what are their values?1. hydrostatic 15mmHg2. osmotic 28mm Hg6. What is the normal net filtration pressure? 7 mmHg7. With a glomerular filtration rate of 125 ml/min, how much plasma would be filtered per day? 180L In 24 hours? _____8. In an exercising individual the afferent arteriole will (dilate or constrict) to avoid excess fluid loss.9. Two mechanisms that provide autoregulatory control over renal processes include: 1. myogenic 2. tubuloglomer10. High osmolarity (or high Na+ and Cl–) in the ascending loop of Henle will cause afferent arterioles to (dilate or constrict) by releasing vasoconstrictor11. In periods of extreme stress, the sympathetic nervous system will override autoregulation.An increase in sympathetic flow to the kidney will result in what two important effects that will aid maintenance of blood pressure?1. vasocontriction2. Urinary System: Early Filtrate Processing1. What are the two reabsorption pathways through the tubular cell barrier?1. transcellular2. paracellular2. How can we cause water to diffuse from the lumen into the interstitial space? An increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium3. Transport of what ion could cause the diffusion in question 2?4. Summarize reabsorption in the proximal tubule. 85% of reabsorption of all useful substances occur here5. What percent of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule? 99%6. The simple squamous cells of the thin descending loop are permeable to __________________ but impermeable to ________________.7. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to Water but impermeable to solutes.8. What is the role of the loop of Henle? Facilitated diffusion9. What is the role of the vasa recta? Blood capillary which collects the filtered blood capillary which collects the filtered blood from afferent arterriole10. From the Quiz section, what does furosemide do? Increases your water output to decrease fluid retention through urinationUrinary System: La te Filtrate Processing1. Name the two types of cells in the cortical collecting ducts and describe their function.1. principal2. intercalated2.a. Aldosterone is stimulated by an increase or decrease in what ions?1. potassium2. Sodiumb. What does aldosterone increase in the basolateral membrane?3. What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increase in the luminal membrane? Vasopressin4. In dehydration and overhydration, what would be the levels of: a. ADH? v dehydration ___? ___ overhydration (? or ) b.Aldosterone? ___ v ___ dehydration __? ____ overhydration (? or )5. Describe what move(s) out of the tubule and what the osmolarity would be in the following nephron segments: a. Proximal tubule______ move(s) out______ mOsm b. Descending limb______ move(s)out______ mOsm c. Ascending limb______ move(s)out______ mOsm d. Late distal tubule______ move(s)out______ mOsm6. a. By the medullary collecting duct, only _____% of the filtrate remains. b. Under the following conditions, report the levels of ADH and subsequent urine osmolarity and flow rate7. a. Urine with a â€Å"high normal osmolarity† and containing RBCs and protein would indicate: _______________ b. Urine with a very high osmolartiy and glucose would indicate: _______________ c. Urine with a very low osmolarity and high volume would indicate: _______________8. An increase in plasma potassium levels would lead to what changes in the following? (? or ) a. _____aldosterone levels b. _____potassium excretion c. _____sodium excretion d. _____interstitial osmolarity e. _____urine volume