Definition Essay - The Evolved Definition of Community

Definition Essay- The Evolved Definition of Community The definition provided in The American College Dictionary from 1964 says â€Å"a group of men or women leading a common life according to a rule.† I never really viewed community in this manner. Many of us think of the word â€Å"community† as a group of people who live near each other. We forget that a community is actually just a group of people with common interests or characteristics who often happen to live near each other. Communities can be bound by race, religion, economic standings, political standings, and most commonly, location. Frequently, communities fall into more than one of these categories. The definition of community has obviously changed over the years. If we look at†¦show more content†¦In Charles Derber’s â€Å"The Good Man Fills His Own Stomach,† Derber refers to two very different communities. One is the Ik who lived in Uganda and were described as â€Å"unfortunate people expelled by an uncaring government.† The other, was an imaginary community from the Woody Allen movie Crimes and Misdemeanors. This community seemed to resemble a community from our present day upper class with only the best hotels, restaurants, and symphonic recordings. Although these two groups are very different, they each still follow the criterion of a community. Each are groups of people who have formed a sort of bond with each other because of a certain lifestyle, interests, or beliefs. When people use this word in present everyday conversation, their application of the definition is usually compatible with the first and third definitions of The American College Dictionary. The second definition, â€Å"the public,† is too general. A community is not only a public, but a public with a common interest. In my area, when the word community is used, the person is usually referring to the West Bloomfield community. Talking about symbols and signified, the West Bloomfield community originally started out as just the group of people who lived in the town of West Bloomfield. Now the people of the area have come to make â€Å"The West Bloomfield Community,† signify something entirely different. It currently means any group of people who are wealthy and Jewish no matter their locality.Show MoreRelatedBlack Power And The Fight For Civil Rights914 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent definitions, but the image that sticks out is the radical militant side. One example of this group was the Nation of Islam that had a very charismatic figure head in Malcom X, who preached for separation from whites and also labeled them as the devil (Lec. November 19). Then there was another definition that isn’t thought of as much like Stokley Carmichael preached, that blacks need to be a part of the system not shy away from it (Lec. November 19). What it is the definition of Black PowerRead MoreThe Importance Of A Good Society Is Not Achieved By Chance Or By Default1446 Words   |  6 Pagesplace to help individuals succeed in various areas. From Travels of a T-shirt in the Global Economy, it is evident that without necessary trade, negotiations, and boundaries, the millions of T-shirts produced would not be able to flow across global communities, bringing alongside them countless job opportunities, more effective governance systems, and enhanced research and innovations. Clearly, one of the key aspects of a good functioning society is the establishment of good and effective structures.Read MoreSecurity Studies : A Relatively New Discipline903 Words   |  4 PagesInternational Relations. 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A number ofRead MoreImpact Of Social Differences On Australian Schooling876 Words   |  4 Pagesimpacts of social differences on Australian Schooling; this essay will define identity and how it is formed in the context of Australian students, how this identity impacts their education in a secondary school context and how education is catering for social differences both in schools and in new teacher education. Like many other studies involving social sciences, the idea of identity multi-layered and rarely involves a concise definition. Howitt Julian define identity as â€Å"your understanding ofRead MoreThe Common Attributes Between Religion And Brands1318 Words   |  6 Pagesacademic scholars have taken great interest in researching how brands operate like religion. With that in mind, the purpose of this essay is to identify and analyze the common attributes between religion and brands. This analysis begins with working definitions of both concepts, in addition to discussing the common attributes which include: formation of human community, focus on human desire, and entering into human relations of exchange. Accordingly, by drawing on David Chidester’s text, AuthenticRead MoreThe Origin Of Moral Sense By Charles Darwin1529 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Darwin is famous for his theories regarding evolution and natural selection. In his 1871 book, Charles Darwin explains the ori gin of morality through studying the behavior of various species. In his essay, â€Å"Origin of the Moral Sense† Charles Darwin uses his theory of evolution to explain the origin of morality through the study of animals, specifically mammals. Darwin’s main theory of the â€Å"Origin of the Moral Sense† is that humans have natural social instincts which in turn gives them a senseRead MoreSexism Is Prolonged Cruel, Or Unjust Treatment?1430 Words   |  6 Pages By definition oppression is prolonged cruel, or unjust treatment. In today’s society those who are considered to be in a dominant group are whites, men, heterosexuals and Christians. Where blacks, women, members of the LGBTQ community and Muslims are examples of groups who are oppressed. I am particularly engrossed with the oppression towards women. In todays culture women have been put down and are not seen as equal towards their male counterparts. Those with sexist attitudes would more than likelyRead MoreInterpellation : Ideology And Ideology And Hegemonic Language1348 Words   |  6 Pagesthe word has evolved to have two usages. The first usage is legal term, and is currently used to describe legal processes in which a court order is interrupted (Oxford Dictionaries). The focus of this definition is on the second usage of interpellation; as a term in philosophical discourse, where it takes on a separate meaning than its legal definition, popularized by the work of Marxist Philosopher Louis Althusser (Nguyen). It was first used in philosophical context it in his essay â€Å"Ideology and

Rape, Violence, And Violence - 1945 Words

Though the offensive act occurs off-stage, Pinter makes the rape incident pivotal in understanding the acts of violence committed against women. Rape like other acts of physical violence leads to injuries and bruises in the victim and also leads to psychological effects such as post-traumatic stress, anxiety and depression in the victim. But what separates rape from other acts of physical violence is that it hurts the dignity of a woman, shatters her confidence, makes her feel powerless and nothing but an object of pleasure for her offenders and at times causes long lasting physical and psychic problems. In the play One for the Road, rape is used as a tool of violence to cause the psychological breakdown of not only Gila but also her†¦show more content†¦Beginning. She is beginning to fall in love with me. On the brink ... of doing so. The trouble is, I have rivals. Because everyone here has fallen in love with your wife. It’s her eyes have beguiled them ... (p.231) Though Victor does not say anything then, his immense mental anguish and pain is expressed later on when he tells Nicolas â€Å"Kill me† (p.232) A scene of sexual molestation is observed in Pinter’s play Mountain Language when the Sergeant at the prison puts his hand on the bottom of a young woman, who had come to visit her imprisoned husband.(p.256) The young woman does not protest against the molestation out of fear that her husband might be brutally tortured as a consequence of her complaint against the Sergeant’s indecent behaviour. Instead what she understands by the Sergeant’s behaviour is that if she offers her body for sexual pleasure to him and other higher officials she might be able to get her husband released from the confinement. That is why towards the end of the play, she willingly offers her body to be sexually violated. YOUNG WOMAN Can I fuck him? If I fuck him, will everything be all right? SERGEANT Sure. No problem. YOUNG WOMAN Thank you. (p.264) Here though the woman herself gives the proposition of sexual favours from her end, she is a victim in her own way. Her husband is imprisoned with noShow MoreRelatedThe Rape Of Sexual Violence1642 Words   |  7 Pageswith me again,† â€Å"It’s not a rape if it happens after drinking or taking drugs†: these quotes about rape are few to the numerous myths that circulate society today. 1 out of every 6 American women has been sexually assaulted, yet this statistic is only from victims who come forward (Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics†). The problem in America today is the â€Å"Rape Culture† in which we live. A Rape Culture is defined as a â€Å"rape prevalent society in which sexual violence is normalized and excused throughRead MoreRape- An Unwanted Sexual Violence1179 Words   |  5 PagesRape – An Unwanted Sexual Violence Sexual violence, especially rape, is a major emerging health related issue in the United States of America. According to the NISVS survey conducted by the CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 20 percent of the women and 1.5 percent of the men (in the U.S.) have been involved in rape cases at some times in the past, while about 50 percent of the women and 20 percent of the men have been victims of sexual violence (other than rape) at some pointRead MoreViolence in Advertising: Are They Selling Rape and Violence Against Women?1622 Words   |  7 Pagesare the advertisement selling a product that will help them or are they selling violence and sex? Many ads can influence people in different ways. One of these ways is to show women as objects of rape and sexual abuse. In, â€Å"Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt† Kilbourne talks about how many ads use women and portray them only as sexual beings. Some of these ads can influence violence against women. Kilbou rne described violence in ads, â€Å"as in pornography, usually power over another, either by physical dominanceRead MoreRape and Sexual Violence Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesRape and Sexual Violence Rape and sexual violence is a very serious problem that affects millions of people each year. Rape is someone taking advantage of another person sexually. Sexual assault can be verbal, physical, visual, or anything that forces a person to join in unwanted sexual contact or attention. (Sexual Assault.) Rape is one of the most underreported crimes. In 2002, only thirty-nine percent of rapes and sexual assaults were reported to law officials. (Sexual Violence: Fact SheetRead MoreRape, Violence, And Feminist Networks894 Words   |  4 Pagesa lot of discussion of rape within sociologists, criminologists, and feminist networks. In my own words, rape is someone engaging with someone else sexually without their consent. Rape is not strictly vaginal penetration, nor an exclusive heterosexual only act. If two people are in a relationship or married, there is still no justification to the perpetrator for their act. In the 21st century, although rape crimes have dropped 24.1% from 2001 to 2010, but not all rapes are reported (Eitzen, ZinnRead MoreRape And Sexual Violence And Assault And Its Survivors Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom the literature review with focus on rape and sexual violence/assault and its survivors. Extensive literature search was conducted on relevant concepts that include the definition of rape, sexual violence and assault, consequences of rape and sexual violence/assault, provision of health services. The search looked at developed and developing countries as well as war stricken settings. Therefore, the aim was to understand the burden of rape and sexual violence, its consequences and provision of healthRead MoreRape Culture And Violence Against Women Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom a young age, males must take back parts of their humanity that are located outside the confines of the box of masculinity; in doing so, we will better understand their personal identities and better fight against the current issues of rape culture and viol ence against women. It is human to form bonds and friendships, but from a young age, boys and girls disassociate from one another the moment their roles are defined by the world around them. In Kimmel’s book Masculinity as Homophobia, boys learnRead MoreSports Culture s Influence On Rape And Violence1803 Words   |  8 PagesSport Culture s Influence on Rape and Violence Many cases of athletes committing sexual assault have been present in the media, especially throughout the past 5 years. For example, Steubenville High School football in 2012, Vanderbilt football in 2013, and a Florida State athlete in 2014. Sports team members make up less than two percent of most campus populations, but the comprise about 20.2 percent of the men involved in sexual assault or attempted sexual assault (Flood Dyson). These casesRead MoreRape : A Common Form Of Violence Against Women1871 Words   |  8 PagesKhoi Nguyen C02332607 Sociology G100 Nina Chapman Rape In almost every part of history, women have been fighting for their rights to be recognized, including the ownership of their own bodies. For the past centuries, it was believed that after a marriage of a woman, she would be owned by her husband, by another words, she gave her husband the authority over her, including her entire body. Therefore, raping his wife for any reason was not considered to be wrong thing to do because upon marriage,Read MoreMarital Rape Is A Serious Form Of Intimate Violence1013 Words   |  5 PagesMarital rape is a very serious form of intimate violence. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the definition for marital rape is defined as, â€Å"sexual intercourse forced on a women by her husband, knowingly against her will.† (Oxford University Press). However, the legal definition varies from state to next; marital rape is commonly defined as unwanted penetration or intercourse (oral, anal, or vaginal) taken by force and/or threat of force when a wife does not give consent (Roberts and Roberts)

The Hero Factor Essay Example For Students

The Hero Factor Essay Heroes have been around since the beginning of time. The first hero that I can think of is David, from the biblical story David and Goliath. Heroes have not really evolved that much since the early days, they are still basically the same strong men with unhumanlike powers that the normal mortal man cannot even comprehend. Heroes come in many shapes and sizes. Contrary to popular belief heroes nowadays are just regular people with the same everyday problems that we have to endure.In the movies Broken Blossoms and Mississippi Masala there are heroes. In this paper I will describe the heroes in each movie and then compare the heroes. In the movie Broken Blossoms a abused woman played by Lillian Gish is put under the torture of ritual beating by her father. A Chinese man named Yellow Man, for his skin color is a kind and emotional man who falls in love with Lillian. I would say that Yellow Man is the hero in this movie because he shows Lillian how men are supposed to treat ladies unlike her father whom she deserts shortly after Yellow Man dies. In the movie Mississippi Masala, a black man and an Indian woman fall in love and attempt to stay together despite her parents pleas to keep them apart. In this movie I would say that Nina and Demetrius are the heroes of this movie because they overcome their parents prejudices and defy them. I do not think that being a hero has anything to do with defying your parents but if you believe in something that is not a social norm then I think that you could be considered a hero. In summation, I think that these two examples of heroes are not the most interesting but they are valid. Upon further review of my writing I think that the revelation I made while doing this paper is that you do not need to be totally extraordinary to be a hero. If you stick to you4r guns and have faith what you believe you too can be a hero.

This paper will attempt to explain the plight face Essays

This paper will attempt to explain the plight faced by one of the largest, most vulnerable populations in America today: the homeless, and how the McKinney Act has affected it. This out-group faces many hardships and many different policies have been put into place both helping and harming their overall wellbeing.Policies Implemented For HomelessMany social welfare policies have been put into place throughout the course of history to attempt to deal with the ever present problem of homelessness. Starting at the first widespread attempt by the government with the implementation of the Elizabethan Poor Law, which placed the plight of the poor into the realm of responsibilities of the community; and serves as the very basis for our notion today of what welfare should be. It set apart the worthy and those deemed the unworthy poor, it established indoor relief for those who were seen to have caused their own misfortunes via almshouses or outdoor relief for the widows and children who had done nothing themselves to bring about their hardships that kept them in their own homes. (Jansson, 2013)The advent of the first Charity Organizations brought about a new way of thinking about how to deal with the issue of homelessness; it advocated helping the poor gain life skills and knowledge rather than a temporary solution of only throwing money towards the problem. Many settlement houses were established, and here people were housed and trained in job skills and community ties were built (Jansson, 2013).After the Great Depression left the United States with numbers of poor and homeless previously unseen, President Roosevelt enacted The New Deal which was to become the beginning of the welfare state as we know it today (Jansson, 2013). Numerous programs were developed from Social Security which is still in existence today that provided the elderly an monthly income to help keep them from ending up homeless and on the streets, to the Civilian Conservation Corps, a work relief p rogram which built many of our grand parks where we still enjoy the structures they built today, and it provided housing and employment for many, many men.In the 1990's a step back was made when funding was cut and social welfare reforms were put into place like those with Temporary Assistance to Needy Families or TANF, that limited the time and amount of help one and their family could receive (Jansson, 2013). As a result the number of homeless has risen sharply since then. McKinney Act's ImpactOne policy in particular though, has had an enormous impact on the homeless population. This was the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987. This was the first, and to date still the only major federal legislative response to homelessness (NCH, 2006) . Homeless Population and ProblemsDuring the 1980's the United States saw a sharp increase in the number of people becoming homeless, many people were affected as the federal government withdrew funding for low income housing and so cial assistance programs for low income families and the mentally ill (Center for Public Interest Research, nd). The Regan administration did not feel that it was the federal governments place to intervene in the issue however (NCH, 2006).The outcry from advocates for the homeless population put great pressure on the government though, and in 1986 Title I of the Homeless Person's Survival Act was introduced into Congress. It was passed and signed into law by President Regan on July 22, 1987 but only after an intensive campaign by advocates for the homeless (HUD, 2013). After the death of the chief Republican sponsor Representative Stewart B. McKinney of Connecticut it was renamed the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act (Hope, 2013).People and families are homeless for any number of reasons, although the primary one is economic (Center for Public Interest Research, nd). Without adequate education many people are not able to make a living wage, as the cost of living has increa sed each year while pay has not. These people are not able to find affordable housing. The lack of affordable health care contributes as well to the problem of homelessness; an unexpected illness can turn finances upside down leaving families suddenly homeless (Center for Public Interest Research, nd). Political factors also play

USA World Bank Paper

USA World Bank Paper In recent years, the banking industry has experienced tremendous pressure to expand its market share globally. As a result, USA World Bank (UWB) is introducing more effective products and services to its customers. Competition has made selecting a successful product considerably more difficult than previous years; therefore, creating an exceptional and profitable product has become very challenging. UWB is a global organization that must create products to improve profitability and increase its market share. This analysis will identify challenges and opportunities, business goals, and potential problems preventing the successful launch of UWB's strategic goals.Scenario Background USA World Bank is a major player in the banking industry. Boasting both a large consumer and small business customer base, UWB has experienced marginal success on recent initiatives. UWB's President of New Product Development feels the pressure to present a product to the Board of Directors that will have si gnificant impact on the firm's earnings (University of Phoenix [UOP], 2007).Product Development TechnologiesBased upon the decision to introduce a new product, UWB's leadership team is now in the midst of deciding whether it would be more beneficial to focus on the consumer or small business market. As a result, the executive team has come up with two options: offer an instant reward credit card for consumers. Similar to a frequent flier program, an instant reward consumer credit card would collaborate with airlines, hotels, and retailers enticing the cardholder to make purchases with UWB credit card. The second option is the small business credit card with a $200,000 credit limit for capital purchases, offering discounted interest rates and incentive rewards.Mary Monroe, Vice President of New Product Development, and Jim Wilson, the Vice President of Marketing Development presented their products to the executive staff. The executive staff supported both Mary's Instant Rewards and Brian's Small...

Caudipteryx - Facts and Figures

Caudipteryx - Facts and Figures Name: Caudipteryx (Greek for tail feather); pronounced cow-DIP-ter-ix Habitat: Lakesides and riverbeds of Asia Historical Period: Early Cretaceous (120-130 million years ago) Size and Weight: About three feet long and 20 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Primitive feathers; birdlike beak and feet About Caudipteryx If any single creature has conclusively settled the debate about the relationship between birds and dinosaurs, its Caudipteryx. The fossils of this turkey-sized dinosaur reveal startlingly birdlike characteristics, including feathers, a short, beaked head, and distinctly avian feet. For all its resemblance to birds, though, paleontologists agree that Caudipteryx was unable to flymaking it an intermediate species between land-bound dinosaurs and flying birds. However, not all scientists think that Caudipteryx proves that birds descended from dinosaurs. One school of thought maintains that this creature evolved from a species of bird that gradually lost the ability to fly (the same way penguins gradually evolved from flying ancestors). As with all dinosaurs reconstructed from fossils, its impossible to know (at least based on the evidence we now have) exactly where Caudipteryx stood on the dinosaur/bird spectrum.

The Unlikely Secret Agent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Unlikely Secret Agent - Essay Example Eleanor is commemorated today as a heroine in the fight of South African people against the apartheid system. This essay tries to analyze Eleanor’s involvement in the anti-apartheid movement, particularly the reasons she decided to take part in the struggle in the first place. Eleanor, as a Scottish-South African militant against the apartheid system, built ANC chambers in Scotland and criticized the UK government’s operations in Africa. In the 1960s, she met her husband after becoming a member of the ANC clandestine group. She â€Å"shared his life on the run from the security forces and in exile in Britain† (Cape Times 5). She was imprisoned without due process. Imprisoned in 1963 she fled from imprisonment and left the country secretly. Eleanor was twenty-five when law enforcers started shooting and killing protesters demanding equality and justice for black South African people, in an event that was infamously called the Sharpeville Massacre. Shocked and revolted, Eleanor took part in the Congress of Democrats, which was affiliated with the ANC, and was one of the female pioneers of the Spear of the Nation (Cape Times 5). Kasrils’s book is a heartwarming, but gripping tribute to his wife of enormous values, talent, and bravery. She was one of the very few white South Africans to secretly take part in the struggle at a time when the ANC had instigated a movement of, exactly, fiery opposition to the racially prejudiced apartheid system. Her opposition to this system and resistance to its violence and injustice were downright courageous. The tale of Eleanor, similar to the tale of the anti-apartheid campaign in general, is emotional, inspiring and remains significant. As Eleanor’s extraordinary story begins in 1963, the White system is under attack and South Africa is facing an imminent disaster. On the 15th of August, the feared security

Discuss the US immigration problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discuss the US immigration problem - Essay Example Since we already have a great number of illegal workers, it seems to me that the best solution for them is to have equal rights and obligations to those the US citizens have, as well as legalization of their status in the country. I take this position due to the fact that many US industries and manufactures greatly depend on the immigrants’ labor. However, this should be applied only to those who showed to follow our laws and live in peace with the nation, who have jobs, and are to become valued members of our society. Besides, such a step can be taken only after a profound analysis of the current situation is performed. If some are to be deported, this should not negatively influence our economy. On the other hand, I believe, there should be taken measured for complete reducing of the illegal workers’ inflow. In my opinion the government should take care of enforcing the existing land borders as well as immigration laws so that our borders are crossed only legally, and only by people whom our employers really need. Therefore, while I insist on a complete restriction of borders and immigration laws, I believe, those already working in the US must be given a right to stay in order to become the equal members of the

Analyse and Evaluate the significance of Fiscal Policy rules Essay Example for Free

Analyse and Evaluate the significance of Fiscal Policy rules Essay L1. Monetary policies are where the government use changes in the base rate of interest to influence the rate of growth of aggregate demand, the money supply and ultimately price inflation. In the short run economic growth is an increase in real GDP, In the long run economic growth is an increase in productive capacity (the maximum output an economy can produce) Economic Stability the avoidance of volatility in economic growth rates, inflation, employment and unemployment and exchange rates. International Competitiveness The ability of an economys firms to compete in international markets and, thereby, sustain increases in national output and income. L2. Monetary policies can be used to promote economic growth, Economic (this stability reduces uncertainty, promotes business, consumer confidence and investment) and International Competitiveness. This causes an ? in AD, which can be good for an economy. For example if a Government ? interest rates, people will have an ? in disposable income, because payments on credit cards will ?, mortgage payments will ? and it is not worth saving due to the reduced rate of interest, meaning they have more to spend on goods and services, thus AD ?. L3. Monetary policies can promote economic growth and stability and international competitiveness as changes in the interest rate affects Domestic Demand (Consumer Expenditure, Investment and Government Spending) and National Demand (Net Exports) via Exchange Rates as when the interest rate ? so the does the currencys strength. So if the rate of interest increases, so does the strength of the pound, meaning that there is an ? in international competitiveness as more economies want to purchase our currency. This causes an ? in AD causing the AD curve to shift to the right, from AD1 to AD2. Causing and ? in employment, ? production and ?economic growth, ?international competitiveness and ?international competitiveness If economic growth becomes too rapid it can also be dampened nby an ? in interest rates causing AD to ? due to the fact that their credit card charges and mortgages have ? and it has become more worthwhile to keep money in the bank and reap the rewards from a higher interest rate rather than spend. So peoples disposable income ?. Monetary Policy can promote economic growth and stability because of the Monetary Policy Transmission mechanism; the way in which Monetary Policy affects inflation rates through the impact it has on other macroeconomic variables. It is said that low and stable rates of inflation provide the framework for economic stability as inflation reduces the purchasing power of money. When the government uses monetary policy to reduce the rate of inflation inflation targeting) they can stop economic stability from becoming unstable as when inflation occurs, and usually wage growth ? there is a danger that inflation will become out of control so much so that producers and consumers are no longer able to use the signalling function so it can become clear what goods and services consumers most want. Inflation targeting makes the consumers and investors more clear about the future and so they know what to expect so they can plan ahead. This can cause an ? in C and I and therefore and ? in AD (shifting the AD curve to the right). The fact that inflation targeting is flexible means it meets the policy target. The government can use Monetary to policy to ? the supply of money, so banks have more money to lend, so it is easier for consumers to take loans so there disposable income ?, this can cause and ? in Consumer Expectations and vestments, causing an ? in AD, ?production, ?international competitiveness, ?employment, ? economic stability and ?economic growth L4. HOWEVER whether the Monetary policy is affective depends on many factors, for example it depends on how big the increase or decrease in interest rate is, a small change could make little or no difference for example if income interest is reduced by 0.00000000000000000000001% then people are unlikely to start spending more and it will have little or no effect on AD. It also depends on when interest rates are changed as to what else is going on in the economy at that time, for example if there is a fiscal policy causing income tax to ? at the same time as a ?in interest rates the affects of the Monetary Policy may be cancelled out by the fiscal policy. It depends on Central Bank bringing creditability to the target as the central bank has to build up a reputation for meeting targets. This can lead to low economic growth being traded off for low inflation in the short run, but not the long run, which is what is needed for an economies economic growth to be sustainable! The Central bank must be good at forecasting inflation, as the Monetary Policy works with time lags, there can sometimes be a two year delay! So the Central bank will have to set today the interest rate to affect the rate of inflation it expects in two years time! For example Inflation targeting has to be guided by forecasts of inflation and all macroeconomic variables that affect inflation. It also costs a great deal to employ people who have the ability to forecast inflation well which could cost a lot to employ someone capable of doing this, this means that it ? costs, which means the possibility of an opportunity cost involved as that money could have been spent on something else for example new hospitals. There can also always be unforeseen circumstances such as unexpected recessions and natural disasters such as the tsunami, this affects the Central Banks ability to deliver economic stability and economic growth as they do not know if they may need to be doing other policies to help these unexpected situations, as they may only be able to do so when the economies conditions are stable. To conclude Monetary rules and Fiscal Policy targets and constraints can promote Economic Growth, Economic Stability and International Competitiveness, however there are many factors to take into account when doing so.

Analysis of A Rose For Emily by William Faulkner Essay -- A Rose for E

Analysis of A Rose For Emily â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, by William Faulkner, begins and ends with the death of Miss Emily Grierson, the main character of the story. In the story William Faulkner uses characterization to reveal the character of Miss Emily. Faulkner divided the story â€Å"into five sections, the first and last section having to do with the present, and the now of the narration, with the three middle sections detailing the past† (Davis 35). Faulkner expresses the content of Miss Emily’s character through physical description, through her actions, words, and feelings, through the narrator’s direct comments about her, and through the actions, words, and feelings of other characters. Faulkner best uses characterization to examine the theme of the story, we are the products of our environment. Miss Emily lives for many years as a recluse, as a result of her surroundings. In the story the narrator comments that â€Å"no one save an old man-servant–a combined gardener and cook–had seen [the house] in at least ten years† (Faulkner 217). Miss Emily’s father is partly to blame for her life as a recluse. Faulkner’s narrator says that, â€Å"We remembered all the young men her father had driven away† (221). Critic Donald Akers notes that: In the story, Emily’s overprotective, overbearing father denies her a normal relationship with the opposite sex by chasing away any potential mates. Because her father is the only man with whom she has had a close relationship, she denies his death and keeps his corpse in her house until she breaks down three days later when the doctors insist she let them take the body. (2) Her father robs her from many of life’s necessities. She misses out on having friends, being a normal woman, and her... ...iversity, Prairie View, TX 8 Nov. 2000 . Akers, Donald. â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† Short Stories for Students. New York: Gale, 1999. 4pp Literature Resource Center. Harris County Public Library, Houston, TX 21 Nov. 2000 . Birk, John F. â€Å"Tryst beyond Time: Faulkner’s ‘Emily’ and Keats.† Studies in Short Fiction 28.2 (1991): 103-13. Burduck, Michael L. â€Å"Another View of Faulkner’s Narrator in ‘A Rose for Emily’.† The University of Mississippi Studies in English 9 (1990): 209-211. Crosman, Robert. â€Å"How Readers Make Meaning.† College Literature 9.3 (1982): 207-215. Davis, William V. â€Å"Another Flower for Faulkner’s Bouquet: Theme and Structure in ‘A Rose for Emily’.† Notes on Mississippi Writer 7.2 (1974): 34-38. Faulkner, William. â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† The Best Short Stories of the Modern Age. Ed Douglas Angus. New York: Fawcett World Library, 1968. 217-226.

Reflection on Japanese Earthquake

After watching the news about the catastrophic earthquake in Japan these days, I was overwhelmed with a range of emotions: anxiety, depression, grief, confusion and shock. Like a lot of people, I was stunned by percussive images of the ruins of buildings and the bodies of casualties. I felt sorry for the dead. Meanwhile, I was deeply touched by those survived. Instead of being thrown into panic, the Japanese faced up to the catastrophe with dispassion and composure. Although their homes were destroyed and their relatives were violently torn away, they still evacuated orderly and stood calmly in a queue to get reliefs. However, the case in china is just the other way around. Some Chinese people seem to be keyed up. Many articles concerning this earthquake can be found on the internet, a majority of which are radical. These people said: It serves Japan right. If only the island country sunk and disappeared forever. Admittedly, as Chinese, I felt repugnance for Japan. However, as descendents of the country with a history of thousands of years, we should reach out our friendly hand and let the world know that we Chinese are a civilized and well educated nation. If we merely stand by or even loot a burning house, we are no better than those Japanese invaders. From my point of view, we are all world citizens living in this global village and international community. In the face of natural disaster, we human beings are vulnerable. No one is powerful enough to escape. We can do nothing but pull together to go through. Therefore, we should relate to those wretches with sympathy and love instead of being narrow-minded and ultranationalistic. Japanese people are innocent. Let’s care for them with tolerant and generous hearts and help them out of the difficulty.

King Lear’s Journey of Finding Self-Knowledge Essay

In the play, we see King Lear going through a journey of self-knowledge. The play starts with King Lear who seems to be obsessed with honour. He divides his country, giving the one who honours him the most the biggest part. But the treachery of his daughters, Goneril and Regan, and the loss of the daughter who truly loved him, Cordelia, will make him see clear again. This will make Lear see himself and the world as they truly are. First I’ll show how Lear lacks self-knowledge at the start of the play. Then I’ll shortly discuss what political effects the lack of self-knowledge has on the country. Third I’ll show what causes Lear to regain his self-knowledge. In the beginning of the play, Lear seems obsessed with honour. He divides his country among his daughters based on who praises him the most. Giving the one who praises, or loves as Lear calls it, him the most the will receive the largest area of land. But the strange thing is that; immediately after one daughter speaks he tells her which part of the country she’ll receive. So that means that Lear supposedly knew already how he wanted to divide his country, and that the whole thing is just to boost his own ego. So when Cordelia and Kent, who truly love him, don’t want to play his game of praise, he reacts real strongly and banishes them from the country. He even threatens to kill Kent: â€Å"Thy Banished trunk be found in our dominions, the moment is thy death†. This shows that his hunger for praise and honour make him blind for what is really happening around him. We see this again when Kent, in disguise, decides to serve the King. Kent uses Lear’s hunger for honour to gain employment: â€Å"No, sir, but you have that in your countenance which I would fain call master†. Lear: â€Å"What’s that†? Kent: â€Å"Authority†. Lear is blinded by his hunger and doesn’t even know that the person, who he banished, is standing right in front of him. We see that Lear’s hunger for praise and honour make, him blind for what is really happening around him. He gives away his country to his daughters who are evil minded, and the daughter who truly loves him is banished. So the country is now divided and ruled by the evil daughters, Goneril and Regan. And Lear, even after he divided his country, wants to remain powerful and keeps a hundred knights. Goneril and Regan are unhappy with the way Lear is acting so they turn against him. This leaves the country divided and vulnerable, because Lear still owns a hundred knights. I guess that is why the French invaded, also the fact that Cordelia was banished and married France may have had something to do with it. So the decision of Lear to give Goneril and Regan his country and banish Cordelia seems to have caused a war. The great turning point for Lear is when he left Gloucester’s castle and ends up in a fierce storm. Through Lear’s anger over his last conversation with Goneril and Regan, and the power of the storm starts the process of the change within Lear. Lear starts to see the treachery of Goneril and Regan. Also from this moment, Lear no longer sees himself as a mighty king but as â€Å"a poor, infirm weak and despised old man†. All though Lear still doesn’t blame himself for all this: â€Å"I am a man more sinned against than sinning†. After this Lear goes through another change, it seems Lear starts caring for those around him and not just of himself. He thinks about the poor and how hard their live is, he says: â€Å"Poor naked wretches wheresoe’er you are, that bide the pelting of this pitiless storm, how shall your houseless heads and unfed sides, your looped and windowed raggedness, defend you†. Lear then gains the self-knowledge of how he never helped the poor. When Lear meets Cordelia again his journey of finding self-knowledge comes to an end. He now sees that he punished Cordelia while it should have been her sisters. He asks Cordelia for forgiveness for what he has done. Finally, when Lear returns carrying the body of Cordelia, he once again realizes that he is no different from other people. His life ends with the great words: â€Å"Pray you, undo this button†. So it seems Lear starts as a man who’s blinded by the hunger for praise and honour. Because of his lack of self-knowledge he makes the wrong decisions: banishing Cordelia and giving Goneril and Regan all the power. These decisions had great influence on the country. The country was now ruled by his two daughters, who were too busy with conspiring against him. During the play Lear goes through a long process of finding his self-knowledge. In the last seconds of his life he finds himself.

University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Admissions

University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Admissions Are you interested in attending the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire? They accept 78Â  percent of all applicants. See more about their admissions requirements. The University of Wisconsin in Eau Claire is a public university and member of the eleven comprehensive universities in the University of Wisconsin System. The city of Eau Claire is located in Western Wisconsin about an hour and a half from the Minneapolis/St. Paul metro region. The attractive 333-acre campus sits on the Chippewa River, and the region is well-known for its natural beauty. Undergraduates can choose from about 80 degree programs with nursing and business being two of the most popular majors. Academics are supported by a 22 to 1 student/faculty ratio and an average class size of 27. Student life is extremely active with over 250 student organizations including several fraternities and sororities. On the athletic front, the UW-Eau Claire Blugolds compete in the NCAA Division III Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WIAC). The university fields ten mens and twelve womens intercollegiate sports. Will you get in? Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Acceptance Rate: 78Â  percentTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileACT Composite: 22 / 26ACT English: 21 / 26ACT Math: 21 / 26ACT Writing: - / -What these ACT numbers meanCompare ACT scores for Wisconsin collegesCompare SAT scores for Wisconsin colleges Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 10,747Â  (10,085 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 38Â  percent Male / 62 percent Female93Â  percent Full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $8,812 (in-state); $16,385 (out-of-state)Books: $400Room and Board: $6,984Other Expenses: $3,704Total Cost: $19,900 (in-state); $27,473 (out-of-state) University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Financial Aid (2015-16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 82Â  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 59Â  percentLoans: 61 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $3,406Loans: $7,296 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors: Accounting, Biology, Business Administration, Elementary Education, English, Finance, Kinesiology, Marketing, Mass Communication, Nursing, PsychologyWhat major is right for you? Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Retention and Graduation Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 84Â  percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 30Â  percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 68Â  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports: Football, Tennis, Track and Field, Wrestling, Cross Country, Swimming, Ice Hockey, Golf, BasketballWomens Sports: Soccer, Softball, Tennis, Track and Field, Cross Country, Ice Hockey, Gymnastics, Swimming, Basketball, Golf Explore Other Wisconsin Colleges and Universities Beloit | Carroll | Lawrence | Marquette | MSOE | Northland | Ripon | St. Norbert | UW-Green Bay | UW-La Crosse | UW-Madison | UW-Milwaukee | UW-Oshkosh | UW-Parkside | UW-Platteville | UW-River Falls | UW-Stevens Point | UW-Stout | UW-Superior | UW-Whitewater | Wisconsin Lutheran If You Like UW - Eau Claire, You May Also Like These Schools University of Minnesota - Duluth: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphMinnesota State University - Mankato: ProfileWinona State University: ProfileNorthern Michigan University: ProfileUniversity of Minnesota - Twin Cities: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Iowa: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Mission Statement mission statement from uwec.edu/acadaff/policies/mission.htm We foster in one another creativity, critical insight, empathy, and intellectual courage, the hallmarks of a transformative liberal education and the foundation for active citizenship and lifelong inquiry. Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Lieutenant General James Gavin in World War II

Lieutenant General James Gavin in World War II James Maurice Gavin was born March 22, 1907, in Brooklyn, NY as James Nally Ryan. The son of Katherine and Thomas Ryan, he was placed in the Convent of Mercy orphanage at age two. After a brief stay, he was adopted by Martin and Mary Gavin from Mount Carmel, PA. A coal miner, Martin barely earned enough to make ends meet and James went to work at age twelve to help the family. Wishing to avoid a life as a miner, Gavin ran away to New York in March 1924. Contacting the Gavins to inform them that he was safe, he began looking for work in the city. Enlisted Career Late that month, Gavin met with a recruiter from the US Army. Underage, Gavin was unable to enlist without parental consent. Knowing this would not be forthcoming, he told the recruiter he was an orphan. Formally entering the army on April 1, 1924, Gavin was assigned to Panama where he would receive his basic training in his unit. Posted to the US Coastal Artillery at Fort Sherman, Gavin was an avid reader and an exemplary soldier. Encouraged by his first sergeant to attend a military school in Belize, Gavin received outstanding grades and was selected to test for West Point. Rising in the Ranks Entering West Point in the fall of 1925, Gavin found that he lacked the basic education of most of his peers. To compensate, he rose early each morning and studied to make up the deficiency. Graduating in 1929, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant and posted to Camp Harry J. Jones in Arizona. Proving to be a gifted officer, Gavin was selected to attend the Infantry School at Fort Benning, GA. There he trained under the guidance of Colonels George C. Marshall and Joseph Stillwell. Key among the lessons he learned there was not to give long written orders but rather to provide subordinates with guidelines to execute as the situation warranted. Working to develop his personal style of command, Gavin was happy in the schools educational environment. Graduating, he wished to avoid a training assignment and was sent to the 28th 29th Infantry at Fort Sill, OK in 1933. Continuing his studies on his own, he was particularly interested in the work of British World War I veteran Major General J.F.C. Fuller.   Three years later, in 1936, Gavin was sent to the Philippines. During his tour in the islands, he became increasingly concerned about the US Armys ability to withstand Japanese aggression in the region and commented on his mens poor equipment. Returning in 1938, he was promoted to captain and moved through several peacetime assignments before being posted to teach at West Point. In this role, he studied the early campaigns of World War II, most notably the German Blitzkrieg. He also became increasingly interested in airborne operations, believing them to be the wave of the future. Acting on this, he volunteered for the Airborne in May 1941. A New Style of War Graduating from the Airborne School in August 1941, Gavin was sent to an experimental unit before being given command of C Company, 503rd Parachute Infantry Battalion. In this role, Gavins friends convinced Major General William C. Lee, commander of the school, to allow the young officer to develop the tactics of airborne warfare. Lee agreed and made Gavin his Operations and Training Officer. This was accompanied by a promotion to major that October. Studying other nations airborne operations and adding his own thoughts, Gavin soon produced FM 31-30: Tactics and Technique of Air-Borne Troops. World War II Following the attack on Pearl Harbor and US entry into the conflict, Gavin was sent through the condensed course at the Command and General Staff College. Returning to the Provisional Airborne Group, he was soon dispatched to aid in converting the 82nd Infantry Division into the US Armys first airborne force. In August 1942, he was given command of the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment and promoted to colonel. A hands-on officer, Gavin personally oversaw the training of his men and endured the same hardships. Selected to take part in the invasion of Sicily, the 82nd shipped out for North Africa in April 1943. Dropping with his men on the night of July 9/10, Gavin found himself 30 miles from his drop zone due to high winds and pilot error. Gathering up elements of his command, he went without sleep for 60 hours and made a successful stand on Biazza Ridge against German forces. For his action, the 82nds commander, ​​Major General Matthew Ridgway, recommended him for the Distinguished Service Cross. With the island secured, Gavins regiment aided in holding the Allied perimeter at Salerno that September. Always willing to fight beside his men, Gavin became known as the Jumping General and for his trademark M1 Garand. The following month, Gavin was promoted to brigadier general and made assistant division commander. In this role, he aided in planning the airborne component of Operation Overlord. Again jumping with his men, he landed in France on June 6, 1944, near St. Mà ©re Église. Over the next 33 days, he saw action as the division fought for the bridges over the Merderet River. In the wake of the D-Day operations, the Allied airborne divisions were reorganized into the First Allied Airborne Army. In this new organization, Ridgway was given command of the XVIII Airborne Corps, while Gavin was promoted to command the 82nd. That September, Gavins division took part in Operation Market-Garden. Landing near Nijmegen, Netherlands, they seized bridges in that town and Grave. In the course of the fighting, he oversaw an amphibious assault to secure the Nijmegen bridge. Promoted to major general, Gavin became the youngest man to hold that rank and command a division during the war. That December, Gavin was in temporary command of the XVIII Airborne Corps during the opening days of the Battle of the Bulge. Rushing the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions to the front, he deployed the former in the Staveloet-St. Vith salient and the latter at Bastogne. Upon Ridgways return from England, Gavin returned to the 82nd and led the division through the wars final months. Later Career An opponent of segregation in the US Army, Gavin oversaw the integration of the all-black 555th Parachute Infantry Battalion into the 82nd after the war. He remained with the division until March 1948. Moving through several high-level postings, he served as assistant chief of staff for operations and Chief of Research and Development with the rank of lieutenant general. In these positions, he contributed to the discussions which led to the Pentomic Division as well as advocated for a strong military force that was adapted to mobile warfare. This cavalry concept ultimately led to the Howze Board and influenced the US Armys development of helicopter-borne forces. While comfortable on the battlefield, Gavin disliked the politics of Washington and was critical of his former commander- now president- Dwight D. Eisenhower, who wished to scale back conventional forces in favor of nuclear weapons. He likewise butted heads with the Joint Chiefs of Staff regarding their role in directing operations. Though approved for promotion to General with the assignment to command the Seventh Army in Europe, Gavin retired in 1958 stating, I wont compromise my principles, and I wont go along with the Pentagon system. Taking a position with the consulting firm Arthur D. Little, Inc., Gavin remained in the private sector until serving as President John F. Kennedys ambassador to France from 1961-1962. Sent to Vietnam in 1967, he returned believing the war to be a mistake that distracted the US from the Cold War with the Soviet Union. Retiring in 1977, Gavin died on February 23, 1990, and was buried at West Point. Selected Sources PA History: James Gavin New York Times: James Gavin Obituary World War II Database: James Gavin

Residential Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Residential Law - Case Study Example The Council had instructed its employee, Sam, to carry out this work. (Although not specifically mentioned in the judgment, it was assumed that Hazel Khan was expected to pay for this report in the charges made to him by the Southwark Council.) The report to be prepared by Sam should diligently disclose the presence of any settlement cracks between the flat and later extension, which might reduce the value of the flat. Any devaluation in price of flat can be claimed by Hazel Khan. Sam has to declare the current solvability status of the Southwark Council. The Council's professional indemnity insurance has to be valid at all times for any future insurance claim. The Mortgage report to be supplied to Hazel Khan must be in a form which should include all references to Southwalk Council, although Hazel knew that the report had been prepared by a hired and independent valuer. Hazel Khan has the option to rely on this report or may arrange for another independent survey of the property if he chooses to do so. Hazel Khan has the right to criticize any breached a duty of care which the Council owed him in his personal capacity. Sam should accept that Hazel would place reliance upon his report. In order to hold Hazel personally liable in anyway, Hazel had to show that he had assumed responsibility towards the report in his personal capacity. Sam has to bear allegiance that his duty was not to Hazel, but to the Council which employed him and it was on the Council alone that Hazel had relied. It was the Council that had assumed responsibility to Hazel, not he. The report should be cited similar with the case of Yianni v. Edwin Evans & Sons [1982] QB 438, where a firm of valuers and surveyors, engaged by a building society to value a property for mortgage purposes, had been held liable to the purchasers in negligence, despite the purchasers ignoring a recommendation in the mortgage application form that they arrange an independent survey. Another case to cite is in the combined cases of Smith v. Bush and Harris v. Wyre Forest District Council [1990] 1 AC 831. The only real distinction between the present case [Harris] and the case of Yianni is that the valuation was carried out by an in-house valuer. This valuer is discharging the duties of a professional man whether he is employed by the mortgagee or acting on his own account or is employed by a firm of independent surveyors. The essence of the case against him is that he as a professional man realised that the purchaser was relying on him to exercise proper skill and judgment in his profe ssion and that it was reasonable and fair that the purchaser should do so. Sam has to owe a consistent duty of care and Hazel to rely on professional valuer just as in Yianni and Harris where the plaintiffs never even saw the valuation report. But they are to be taken to have relied on the professional skill and care of the individual person who carried it out. It is made clear that a professionally qualified person giving advice may owe a duty of care to an effective recipient of that advice in addition to the duty owed to their employers. This has to be confined strictly to those who may be termed professionally qualified people as in the case of Sam and Hazel, because it would depend on the full circumstances in which advice was given, rather than to any label appropriate to the adviser. In any

Collective security as an approach to peace Essay

Collective security as an approach to peace - Essay Example Collective security movements, organizations, and agencies turn a deaf ear to the pain and plight of mass-murder and ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya Muslims in Burma. Collective security forces are not even doing anything to provide for the displaced Rohingya Muslims in any possible way, what to talk of taking measures to discourage or deter their displacement from the Buddhist majority in Myanmar. The author says that collective security does not recognize any inveterate enemies or traditional friendships. Collective security also does not allow for any alliances with or against any state. An alliance for collective security purpose proves superfluous as all states are committed to other states’ defense. The importance of confidence for success of collective security system cannot be overemphasized. â€Å"Collective security cannot work unless the policies of states are inspired by confidence in the system† (216). The satisfaction of basic conditions that the author has mentioned for the collective security namely the power, legal, and organizational situation cannot be achieved. First of all, it is not possible for all states to command nearly equal resources or for several great powers of nearly same strength to exist. Secondly, in the real world, it is not possible to have substantial universality of membership for collective security. The author argues that collective security is a plan for unprecedently organizing international police action rather than organizing coalition warfare like it was done in the 20th century. The purpose of collective security is to eliminate international brawls rather than sponsoring the winning team. â€Å"It purports to require of participating states not that they should consent to compulsory involvement in major wars, but that they should accept obligatory service in a system for preventing major wars† (218). The author establishes as an essential the existence of such a massive power of the police force for the

Mobile Phone Industry in India Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mobile Phone Industry in India - Research Paper Example The country was a close-door economy until 1991 and languishing at the low GDP growth rate ever since independence. The country faced severe balance of payments problem in the beginning of 1990s and that forced the then newly elected Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao to initiate the liberalization and globalization process in full swing to put the country in high growth trajectory. That was indeed a turning point in the country. The state behemoth BSNL was the only service provider in the public sector and landline was the only available way of communication to the people. The people of the country had to wait several years to get BSNL landline connection as wait-list was fairly long and state resources were not enough to meet the investment needs of the country. (An Economic History of India) In the wake of economic liberalization process, India suddenly became lucrative and telecommunication was earmarked as one of the thrust areas. The government introduced National Telecom Polic y in 1994 that defined certain objectives and also recognized the fact that the government does not have enough resources to meet the desired objectives. In 1995, the government of India decided to set up an independent regulatory body called TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India). The purpose was to regulate and spearhead the growth and investment in the field of telecommunication and formulate all policy matters striking a balance between users and industry.     India is a second largest country in the world in terms of population. As per the latest census, a population of the country has crossed 121 billion marks and that offers huge telecom market in the making. Administratively, the country is divided into 28 states and seven union territories. On religious composition, 80.5 percent of the population follows Hindu religion. Muslims constitute almost 13.4 percent of the population as the largest minority community. Christians constitute almost 2.3% of the population. I ndia is also a land of many languages; however, Hindi is understood and spoken by a large section of the society. Most of the educated classes of the people understand English and majority of them prefer to do their official work in English. Southern states do not follow Hindi language and prefer their own languages such as Tamil, Malayalam or Telugu; however, they too use English in their formal communications. In a way, it can be said that due to British legacy English has become fairly common as a second language of India and widely used as a formal way of communication in all parts of the country. Indian constitution is unique in the sense that in spite of its large section of the population is Hindu, India has established itself as a secular state. Every citizen of the country regardless of their faith, language or origin enjoys equal rights. The current literacy rate as per census 2011 is estimated at 74 percent, which shows a 10 percent improvement from the previous census do ne in 2001. This is attributable to the free education provided in the villages by the government. (Census Data Summary) The customs in India are different than what is observed in the US. It is always advisable to learn and use Indian business customs in India. Hierarchy is given a great respect in India.  Ã‚  

Selection Of Steve Jobs Case Study Commerce Essay

Selection Of Steve Jobs Case Study Commerce Essay The purpose of this assignment and the selection of Steve Jobs case study draw in many features of leadership theories and works connected with Jobs Apple or his business activity. His leadership tells again one further thing that sometimes successful leaders may divide into two camps the whole world : some adore the leader and others cannot stand him. This sensation is not so unusual as example of Margaret Thatchers political leadership and many military leaders over the centuries. Apples success made Steve Jobs a successful leader and the main thing is Jobs personal creation is Apple. During his time there were Bill Gates and Michael Dell who were fabulously successful in different parts of the IT business, but Jobs Apple was always the most creative, the quirkiest, maybe even the coolest of the three brands. By this time, many of us already learned, heard, read and watched about Steve Jobs many contributions to the society, his achievements on many accounts. Consumers passions about Steve Jobs and the Apple are rare in the business world. In Soho I was passing by an Apple store not long ago and found flowers and hundreds of post it notes from so many expressing gratitude to Steve Jobs. As his biographer Walter Isaacson and others have pointed out, however, Steve Jobs was far from perfect.   Id like to comment in particular on his leadership and management style.   It is well-known that Steve Jobs could be arrogant, dictatorial, and mean-spirited.   Yet he was a great leader. So, this overturns some management writers claims and thoughts todays business leaders need to be nice, kind, humble (Level 5 leadership), and practice servant leadership? I think the contradiction about leadership can be clarified by two sets of aspects. One we need to recognize the situational leadership. In some circumstances one style could work properly but that might not work in some others at all. Ambiguity or the surprise matter always there while claims being made about the behaviour and the characteristics of the universal leadership. Woking overseas and leading cross functional global teams definitely recognize leadership needs to be adapted culture specific. Mr. Jobs leadership not mentioning his genius activities was a key part in the success of Apple. If he had used another style, might not be able to achieve the glorious success at Apple. The other one is apart from arrogance style of Mr. Jobs he had some great executive leaders qualities visionary, risk taker, emotional stability, openness to experience, and highly focused, committed or persistent, passionate and positive attitude. Not only he dived into his vision, he made sure companys everyone brought into that created for the company a higher purpose which excited really the company employees. His products and passions of course were legendary in Apple. He established trust among company members not as a founder but in marketing and product design. Leadership And Organisational Behaviour issues To understand the attached case studys key aspect module Organisational Behaviour, I have done a detailed research on Apple Inc. policies, leadership strategies etc. Balanced Scorecard Institute defined the balanced scorecard which is a management and planning system used to bring into line business activities to the vision and the organisations strategy, communications (internal external) improvement, and against strategic goals monitor organisational performance. Most organisations, to bring effective changes use the balanced scorecard. But APPLE INC. doesnt implement the scorecard for operating changes but uses for long term performance. It focuses on various categories of measurement in the following order Financial Perspective Shareholder Value Customer Perspective Market share and customer satisfaction Internal Process Perspective Core Competencies The Innovation and Improvement Perspective The three wide-ranging Organisational Behaviour aspects have been taken i.e. Leadership, Motivation, and Change Management to identify whether Apple Inc. is following a good strategy or any possibility of improvement or any requirement of complete change. Especially the focus is more or less orbited around the Apple Inc.s CEO Steve Jobs throughout the report and the way he be able to manage and motivate the Apple Inc.s employees Leadership Through the case study and because of Steve Jobs I deeply researched and found on crisis moment Apple called him and simply Steve Jobs turned the things around and took the organisation at top level, honestly I got charmed by this man. His leadership styles sets for everyone example, he is visionary and transformational leaders role model. For example the price of Apple share 2% fell on Steve Jobs illness rumour in 2008. Because of some power struggles internally, Apple forced Steve to leave his job in 1985 and after that nearly one decade Apple was in serious crisis. In 1996 financial losses was reaching $81600000 and in 1997 it was $1 billion and instead of $70 per share (1991) it became $14 per share. In 1997 March issue Fortune Magazine described Apple as Silicon Valleys paragon of dysfunctional management. (Woods, 1997). Later Apple appointed Steve Jobs as the CEO and everything started changing even Apple is much ahead than rivals HP, Dell, Microsoft etc. and posited or ranked sixth in the list of reputable companies. In spite of his all achievements, Steve always been encircled with arguments. Beside the concern of the products of Apple, he is looked up as a business idol. Transformation leadership consists of charisma, motivation (inspirational), stimulation (intellectual) and consideration (individual). Everybody knows that Steve Jobs had these all qualities except the last one consideration (individual). He had a perfection achieving phenomenal hunger and acted as a one man army to reformed computing system. From his past as well as the past of Apple we can see his greatness. Todays the digital image of the society is enhanced by the Apple i.e. Steve Jobs. During 1985 to 1997, successfully he transformed Pixar into a successful speculation. Only lack was Steve Jobs liked secrecy. Apple builds trust but never talked about their forthcoming products. They always talked about their achieved things and this behaviour effects a lot to the Apple Inc. employees. His arrogant and top-down approach is not going to work according to William C. Taylor (Harvard Business Review, 2009) With an excellent speech ability and superb fascinating influence over the audience and his employees, Steve Jobs is a very powerful charismatic leader. He made his employees enthusiastic by the charismatic power and convinced customers to buy Apples products. Apart from his charismatic power he is also known as devious, rude and corrupt. He did not respect individual, employees scared him, though its perfection quest but still shows his consideration for individual is low to some extent. He made his employees better but not to be easy on them. Survey in 2008 shows that employees were not enough satisfied with their bonus and compensation level but they had towards the products and the policies of the company full passion. Steve Jobs tremendous qualities of charismatic power, Apple outperformed others primarily in the business market. Though charismatic leadership power matched with him but his individual consideration does not go with him. In this respect my doubt goes whether Steve Jobs is a charismatic leader or a personalised leader more. Motivation The purpose and direction of behave is the psychological process which is referred by the Motivation. An organisation will be benefitted if the employees are motivated by effective productivity though its a very complex task as motivation keeps on changing. In 2010, Glassdoor results show clearly that Apples employees are respectful to their boss and are motivated. A few years before and the present Apple if compare, anyone can easily realise that Jobs was outstanding to get his employees commitment properly that proved Apples employees motivation. When excellence expected then employees need not be told anything said by Steve Jobs in 1989, initially needs to coach them. the motivation model of the Maslows hierarchy of needs (1943) describes that the needs can be classified into these stages (including last need being basic need most). SELF ACTUALISATION Doing what best you can do ESTEEM NEEDS Self-respect and respect from others BELONGING Acceptance and being part of something SAFETY NEEDS Physical and Psychological security PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS Hunger, Thirst, Rest etc. Esteem , Belonging and Self Actualisation needs are as highlighted is that according to me, these are the underperformances in the Apples motivation level for employees. Apple never put hard gear on the employees motivation as they never knew what company coming up with next. They are restricted to go from one department to another by using electronic badges as terrorists. Jobs kept software and hardware department separate and set in different buildings. Steve Jobs always looking for perfection, a notorious manager, instead of motivate he used his stick. This definitely is not followed the Maslows hierarchy of needs. Steve Jobs was an autocratic as he wanted people to listen to him. Though innovation is part of the involvement of the employees but this theory had a doubt on Apples innovation. Definitely it conflicts with the Self Actualisation Stage of Maslows hierarchy. In 2006, Roderick Kramer wrote for Harvard Business Review, a certain degree of forcefulness might prove to be useful when it comes to handling intractable problems. So, Steve jobs always worked on his own way and delivered fabulous results does not mean that his ways is the right way. Because its not about Steve Jobs, its the question about Apple Inc. So, therefore the way Jobs worked is not the right way. According to an insider Steve was acute with his employees, made them cry but also most of time he was right. His viewpoint was exceptional and he had no asshole rule, he was tyrant in his workplace but if employees not fully pleased then things not going to work same way in future. Change Management The development of an organisation depends on Change Management, a set of behavioural science-based theories, values and strategies. It is not an easy job. W Pasmore in 2010 said that many leaders failed to make operating and critical changes to led the organisation. Apple like many other big companies gained mastery in this matter. Not only Apple Inc. comes up with new and innovative technology but also the implementation of the financial figures of them vastly accepted all over the world. Steve Jobs has many reasons to be successful in change management and out of those understanding and anticipation of customers requirement most. Change Management helps an organisation to take from one level to the next level by treating Employees as Focus Group. Steve doesnt rely on focus groups, instead he is a steady believer that customers themselves dont know their requirement. Without asking them he has a strong understanding ability and can anticipate his customers call. So he treats as focus group his own employees and without any customer intervention makes the decision. By giving such huge importance to the employees, the employees themselves feel a part of the change. Thus he gains the employee loyalty very easily. The products like iPod, iPhone, and iTunes are great examples that prove his expertise in understanding the customer needs. Every individual thinks own way differently and has got own different insights and assertiveness in life. So, therefore, its not possible to get 100% support from all the employees. Rather, to accept and adapt to change, they need to be motivated and inspired enough. Jobs chooses team members by selecting multiplier factor of excellence. He believes that the extraordinary designers, engineers and managers are not only better than the good ones by 10 or 20 % but 10 times better. He feels that outstanding products come from their contributions. Eliminating Fear of Change: Over time, Steves leadership has made the organisations mantra, together with its distribution and channel partners. While iTunes launch, people thought it might change the entire music industry. With the charismatic ability Jobs eliminated the fear of change, and they achieved their 100% contribution and iTunes in the music industry made a revolution. Managing Changes in Distribution Strategy: the whole distribution strategy might be disrupted at time by the innovation and Apple faced the problem on their iPod launching time. They made good relation with big box stores like Wal Mart, Target etc. before introducing them in the consumer electronics industry. For distributing digital music iTunes also built a complete new distribution strategy successfully and thats the way Apple overcome the changing problem in distribution strategy. Review of Literature Most business leaders expect to touch the level Steve Jobss did before he died in October 2011. He is the legendary visionary player one in a century. He is a dynamic and controversial leader and his success totally relied upon his innovation capabilities. During time the legacies left by many other protruding leaders become clear. However, we already by today have tremendous clarity of Jobss leadership. Because of the masterful biography of Walter Isaacson, we know that Jobs pursued former CEO of CNN and managing editor of  Time Isaacson, for five years (the first of many examples of Jobss persistence in the book), and then gave him a free hand (a much rarer occurrence), promising: Its your book. I wont even read it. Certainly Steve Jobs was a wayward and ambitious leader, and his innovation, commercialization and services to the society through Apple Inc. changed the way of life styles of many of us and developed truthfully great ways for computing, publishing, movies, music, and mobile telephony industries. His way or style of leadership is complex, risky, committed and charismatic to convince customers and employees on his aspiration. Though he is greatest business executive of the era but he was critical, tyrant one. All too often he was the antithesis of the servant leader model popularized in the 1990s (the giving, caring organizational mentor who in many ways contrasted with the hero model of a century prior). Not only at Apple Inc. but at NeXT and at Pixar, he seeded powerful culture. He created a place where motivated people make great products. He had fascinating and perplexing leadership. Personally and professionally he fell in and out of love with people easily. Because of his great talent he created extraordinary skilful organisation but he missed many peoples potential contribution. In question of teamwork, he always challenged to do beyond the possible. So, a few strong people cope with this challenge to keep remain the pride but many others usually become frustrated. In a way this is a loss of encouragement and emotional effect as the theme comes up A players and B players. Then there was Jobss habit of distorting reality to fit his purposes, coupled with the impatience, criticism, and brusqueness that often accompanied it. On the one hand, the Jobs version could create a compelling vision of what might be. Witness the strong cultures that he fostered at his companies: Even through the 10 years he was exiled from Apple, the underlying essence of the culture he established somehow stayed alive. On the other hand, Jobss reality distortion could be extremely alienating, and it sapped his credibility, especially when he used it to dismiss a promising idea or an effort as a piece of crap. Applied to the wrong strategy, market, or product, his behaviors could sink a company. In the end, what made Jobs such a successful leader was his much-lauded talent at envisioning and delivering breakthrough products and services. His ability to innovate for his customers in a way few leaders had done before served as a salve to his gruff personal style. Very few top leaders pay as much attention to product and design detail as Jobs did. He always considered simplicity, functionality, and consumer appeal before cost efficiency, sales volume, or even profit. That attention was integral to the strategic and marketing capabilities of his companies. In these respects, Jobs was an entrepreneurial leader in the mode of Walt Disney and Edwin Land, both of whom he admired. Jobs famously said that customers dont know what they want until weve shown them. Indeed, he had a remarkable, but not infallible, ability to develop products that consumers would buy and savor, as well as the confidence, courage, and drive to bring them to life. Part and parcel of this appeal was Jobss remarkably clean sense of design, which Isaacson traces back to his study of Zen Buddhism and, further still, to his adoptive father, a blue-collar mechanic who rebuilt cars in the familys garage for extra income. Much of Jobss genius and Isaacson contends his genius was for imaginative leaps [that] were instinctive, unexpected, and at times magical stemmed from his ability to integrate diverse disciplines, particularly the humanities and science, a sort of synthesis of artistry and engineering. With age and experience, Steve Jobs became a better leader of people. Although Jobs was never one to dwell on his own shortcomings, Isaacson quotes a statement he made during a 2007 conference in which he revealed a somewhat reluctant, even latent sense of an important flaw. Because Woz and I started the company based on doing the whole banana, we werent so good at partnering with people, he said of Apples design philosophy. I think if Apple could have had a little more of that in its DNA, it would have served it extremely well. Jobs would have benefited from more of that in his leadership DNA, too. Who knows if he had had more time, he might have been able to close that gap altogether. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS By looking at the financial results of Apple Incorporated, people might perceive that things are going quite well within the organisation. But the entire analysis above shows that there are a lot of loopholes in Apples functioning which requires a deep thought. Where Steve Jobs is considered as an idol by millions of people, at the same time his attitude questions whether he is a true transformational leader or more of a personalised leader. One might feel that innovative products of Apple are a result of employee motivation and involvement. But that is not the case. By analysing the levels of motivation with the help of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, it was found that the top three levels of needs go dicey in case of Apple employees. However, there is no denying the fact that Apple has mastered in the concept of change. Whether it is about training the employees for change or it is about managing the changes in distribution strategy, Apple has successfully managed changes both within a s well as outside the organisation. My recommendations to the company, particularly to Steve Jobs, are: No wonder apple has no match in its innovation. But things can further improve provided that employees are given more freedom to express their thoughts. Moreover, if instead of Stick, Jobs can manage with some positive motivation, it can do wonders for the company as far as employee loyalty is concerned. Steve Jobs, undoubtedly, is a fantastic charismatic leader. The analysis in the report clearly shows that the charisma of Steve Jobs has single handed taken the company to such heights. But Apple needs to think beyond Steve Jobs. The company should start focussing more on its future, for which it is really important that the other members of the organisation also start scratching their heads and reduce their dependency on one man. Read more:  http://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/the-terms-of-organisational-behaviour-issues-business-essay.php#ixzz2HK3tupwa Steve Jobs Organizational Behaviour, Leadership theory from Subhendusankar Kar SOME POINTS ON STEVE JOBS LEADERSHIP AND VISION http://www.livescience.com/16442-visionary-science-steve-jobs.html group assignment on steve jobs http://www.scribd.com/doc/41982491/Group-Assignment-Case-Study http://en.oboulo.com/us-management-and-leadership-steve-jobs-63068.html management and leadership of steves INTRODUCTION Apple: One Year After Steve Jobs Death, iPhone Sales Disappoint Wall Street http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/2012/02/03/is-apple-truly-agile/ (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() http://assignmentpapers.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/entrepreneur-steve-jobs.html http://hbr.org/2012/04/the-real-leadership-lessons-of-steve-jobs/ar/1 Summing Up We know that there are basically two types of organisational leaders the transactional and the transformational. Transactional leaders are the ones who work with the safety of the status quo. Transformational leaders strive with all their might to change the existing order of things. They are the ones who bring about major, positive change for a group, organisation or society. We have seen that Steve Jobs was able to direct his people and make them do things which they had never done before, but these things were also essential for the realisation of his vision and plans. I leave it your judgment to deduce what style of leadership Jobs followed. It is quite logical to assume that Jobs style of management changed over the years. This is also indicated in the following quote When Jobs was ousted from Apple in 1985, he was often termed as arrogant and bully combined with perfectionist attitude, something that indicates the Authority-Obedience Manager' (Fortune 2009, The Decade of Steve). In 2009, due to medical reasons, Steve delegated his responsibilities to Tim Cook, Apples COO for six months, and everything went on smoothly. Perhaps, he had mentored his executive team successfully to think and decide like him, which indicates that his style had probably moved on to being a Team Manager. Interestingly, Jobs may not be the embodiment of an effective leader in a way, he was far from being a classical text-book example. Nevertheless, his charisma, self-confidence and passion for work overshadow all his flaws, making him one of most successful CEOs of the decade.

Hamlets Soliloquy - To be, or not to be :: Hamlet essays

Hamlet's Soliloquy - To be, or not to be Hamlet's "To be, or not to be" soliloquy is arguably the most famous soliloquy in the history of the theatre. Even today, 400 years after it was written, most people are vaguely familiar with the soliloquy even though they may not know the play. What gives these 34 lines such universal appeal and recognition? What about Hamlet's introspection has prompted scholars and theatregoers alike to ask questions about their own existence over the centuries? In this soliloquy, Shakespeare strikes a chord with a fundamental human concern: the validity and worthiness of life. Would it not be easier for us to simply enter a never-ending sleep when we find ourselves facing the daunting problems of life than to "suffer / the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune"? However, it is perhaps because we do not know what this endless sleep entails that humans usually opt against suicide. "For in that sleep of death what dreams may come / When we have shuffled off this mortal coil / Must give us pause." Shakespeare seems to understand this dilemma through his character Hamlet, and thus the phrase "To be, or not to be" has been immortalized; indeed, it has pervaded our culture to such a remarkable extent that it has been referenced countless times in movies, television, and the media. Popular movies such as Billy Madison quote the famous phrase, and www.tobeornottobe.com serves as an online archive of Shakespeare's works. Today, a Shakespeare stereotype is held up by the bulk of society, where they see him as the god of drama, infallible and fundamentally superior to modern playwrights. However, this attitude is not new. Even centuries ago, the "holiness" of Shakespeare's work inspired and awed audiences. In a letter dated October 1, 1775, Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, commenting on David Garrick's production of Hamlet (1742-1776) to his friend Heinrich Christian Boie, likens the "To be, or not to be" soliloquy to the Lord's Prayer. He says that the soliloquy "does not naturally make the same impression on the auditor" as Hamlet's other soliloquies do, But it produces an infinitely greater effect than could be expected of an argument on suicide and death in tragedy; and this is because a large part of the audience not only knows it by

Ace Fertilizer Ima

Ace Fertilizer Company Abby Conroy was tasked with calculating an effective quote for Breeland Ltd. , she chose the activity based accounting costing system since it more accurately captures the related costs. A special order was placed by Breeland Ltd. with Ace Fertilizer Company. The did not plan to order more of this product in the future. Based on Ace’s policy, the special order included disposal costs for any used materials in the event no other orders existed for the unused materials at the time the Breeland contract was signed.Abby correctly calculated the total direct material and labor costs and accurately arrived at the indirect costs using the ABC method and used cost activity pools that make sense for the company and product. She incorrectly included the organization-sustaining costs which are not related to any specific product so should not be included. Abby incorrectly calculated the mark up cost by dividing 80% from the cost rather than multiplying so the marku p and the total cost to Breeland has been overstated by $193,500.This would ultimately produce a higher profit with lower costs and a higher customer margin but would be inconsistent with Ace 80% markup policy. Revisions could be made and an accurate quote could be provided to Tom Brennen for approval. During personal time over the weekend, George was presented with a possible opportunity to sell the unused portion of Breelands special order materials to his brother Josh. On Monday, George wanted to leave the Breeland quote as is, whereas Abby wanted to revise it to exclude the sale of materials to Josh plus additional charges.George is correct to leave the quote unchanged, since there are no new orders for the additional XO-1600 yet even though he and Josh discussed it during personal time. Company policy dictates that the special order customer would be billed for unused materials in the absence of another existing order for the same materials. It would be putting the cart before the horse to recalculate new costs and inform Breeland of a possible price revision before Josh confirms, especially since the information exchange occurred over the weekend during a personal family event.It is likely that Josh will purchase the additional 10 gallons of product but that can’t be confirmed until later in the week. It is not correct however that Breeland should incur those material costs if Josh does purchase them. George is not correct in how he would handle the transaction with Breeland should Josh purchase the materials. The materials should not be double billed and disposal fees should not be incurred by Breeland if this event never occurs.From an IME standpoint, Abby’s costing calculations were flawed which speaks to her competency as a management accountant, but her integrity was consistent with IMA ethical standards. Her markup mistake was most likely a clerical one only that could easily be fixed however including organization-sustaining costs in the client quote is a larger concept level mistake. The first error places a small black mark against her level of competence. Since she has developed an excellent level of expertise with Ace, I would suggest that it could be overlooked.The second error however is larger and would suggest her level of competence might be questioned. Following Georges’ conversation with Josh, Abby was keen on modifying the bid to include a materials reduction of $16,000, elimination of the $10,000 disposal fee for unused materials and a reduction in organization sustaining overhead costs of $52,000. Including the 80% markup, this would save Breeland $93,600 if Abby’s original quote had been correct and the numbers were not modified to remove the organization-sustaining error.It is clear that reworking the original quote to accommodate a new client would benefit Breeland, however the conversation between George and Josh was personal and not final, even though Josh was able to preliminar ily confirm he would place the order. The original quote would represent a more timely quote since future prospects had not yet materialized and would be consistent with Ace’s company policy. Since Georges’ conversation with Josh would be considered confidential in nature with respect to Breeland, it would limit Abby’s permission to inform them of any possible rework of the quote without express consent or approval of George.Since Tom Brennen would need to review any reworked quotes anyway, it doesn’t seem likely that Abby would violate any confidentiality requirements as directed by IMA Standards. Georges’ suggested game plan of billing the products twice could be seen as a misuse of confidential information since he is confident Josh will buy the materials but is still willing to move forward with the Breeland quote without disclosing the possibility of Josh’s purchase to Tom.George may also be engaging in a conflict of interest by using h is brother and information gained in a non professional environment as a means to unethically increase revenue. It would also represent a departure from ethics and integrity as an activity that discredits the profession since it lacks communication with Breeland. If Josh does confirm he will purchase the materials within the 20 day usable product window, it would represent additional and more timely information and should signal Abby’s recommendation to revise Breeland’s quote, even if it is after the fact. It is a timing issue.If George does provide the Breeland quote to Tom ‘as is’ and does not discuss with him the implications of his prospective new client on the numbers provided, he would be weakening his own credibility since it would represent a lack of information disclosure to Tom. It could be argued that he is providing the quote fairly and objectively but, it lacks the insight of how the new client would change the numbers in Breeland’s fa vor and precludes the possibility of client double billing, an important fact to support disclosure of all relevant information communicated fairly and objectively.I think Abby is correct in advising George that a possible rework of the quote is in order although based on the confirmed information, the current Breeland bid should go forward as is with a caveat that it could change with the confirmation of Josh as a new client if he is engaged before the Breeland quote is signed. Since the meeting will take place between George and Tom on Wednesday and the details of Joshs’ possible purchase are expected to become known ‘later in the week’, it makes sense to wait a day or two before making the decision.It is also possible that Josh may not make the purchase. Ace is one of the few companies’ nationally that is able to produce the product, it seemly unlikely that Ace would risk losing their business by asking for a few extra days to confirm final details of t he quote. No mention of Josh’s possible order is necessary. Tom should be given full disclosure by George of the impact on profitability of both scenarios. These would include: 1). the order ‘as is’ without the prospect of Josh placing an order, 2). he revised order based on Abby’s recommendations of reducing XO-1600 materials cost, disposal cost and markup, and the additional sale of the remaining 10 gallons of XO-1600 to Josh, including shipping charges and 3). Two separate quotes that would include the original quote to Breeland executed as is, then a contract signed later with Josh followed up with a revised contract with Breeland eliminating the disposal cost and the additional materials cost. The quote o Josh should not include organization-sustaining costs since they are not considered product costs. Abby recommends that George inform Tom about the prospective use of the extra 10 gallons. If George is unwilling to do so, she should also be willing t o speak directly with Tom about the Breeland quote changes, if applicable. It is not known what Ace’s policy is regarding resolving issues with questionable ethical implications. If necessary, Abby may contact an IMA Ethics Counselor to gain a better understanding of how she should proceed.The case study suggests this issue is a matter of how a management accountant might proceed in light of a shortfall of required monthly profit goal, in that is may be perceived as a way to make up the shortage. It is also mentioned that neither profit scenario would provide the desired result of reaching the monthly goal. The management accountant should see this as an ethical issue and not a function of whether one scenario or the other will produce the desired result.If Abby were to revise her original assumptions and excluded the organization-sustaining costs per required by the ABC method she is using, she would have noted a reduction in the bottom line of $18,000, which represents the disposal fee plus an 80% markup. Clearly, the scenario George likes would net the larger bottom line at $802,800, an increase of $28,800 in the bottom line of the Breeland Ltd order alone. This could be a potential lapse in judgment based on a desire to get closer to a proposed profit goal if he doesn’t discuss the possible purchase by Josh with Tom.From a policy standpoint however, George is doing the correct thing, although from a fairness standpoint, Josh’s possible order must be considered. Three scenarios are included which outline how each quote will affect the bottom line. If the original quote is signed by Breeland and moves forward without a purchase by Josh, the bottom line will be increased by $774,000. If Josh is given time to confirm and execute an order with Ace for the 10 gallons of material prior to the Breeland quote signing, Ace bottom line will be reduced by $18,000.If Breeland signs the quote, then later Josh signs a contract for the remaining mater ials and the materials are double billed, the company bottom line would be increased by $802,800. This is ultimately an issue with areas that need insight from IME ethical standards, especially with respect to communicating information to Tom Brennen. It seems a case in which company policy might be overlooked in order to maintain a standard of fairness while also being honest about product and customer treatment.